Betty Grissom
Doughty widow who sued over death of astronaut husband
Betty Grissom, the widow of astronaut Virgil Grissom, whose death in a launchpad fire in 1967 led her to sue a Nasa contractor, died last Saturday at her home in Houston. She was 91.
Virgil Grissom, known as Gus, one of the seven original Mercury astronauts immortalised by Tom Wolfe in his book The Right Stuff, was the second American in space, after Alan Shepard. He was also the command pilot of Apollo 1, which was intended to test the Apollo capsule for flights to the moon.
But during a routine test at the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida, an electrical fire swept through the command module, killing all three astronauts aboard – Grissom, Edward H. White II and Roger B Chaffee.
It was the first fatal accident in the history of the US space programme. Grissom was 40.
Multiple investigations followed. While they never pinpointed the source of the fire, they concluded that several design flaws, including a pure oxygen atmosphere inside the cabin, had exacerbated it. In addition, the hatch door was difficult to open, preventing the crew from escaping.
Nasa subsequently undertook major modifications in design, materials and procedures, including making nonflammable spacesuits. Combustible materials in the cabin were replaced with self-extinguishing versions.
Nearly four years after the fire, Grissom’s widow, who was raising two sons on her own, filed a multi-million dollar wrongful death suit against the Apollo programme’s primary contractor, North American Rockwell. (The US government itself cannot be sued.)
The statute of limitations for wrongful death for survivors was two years and had expired, said Ronald D Krist, the Houston lawyer who represented Grissom. But the general negligence statute was four years and had not expired, allowing her to sue for Grissom’s pain and suffering. She settled for $350,000, about $2.2 million today.
Her action brought Grissom considerable grief, with strangers accusing her of being unpatriotic and the close-knit space community shunning her. The experience embittered the family, said Mark Grissom, who was 13 when his father died. “We got the
dark side of Nasa,” he said this week. “People who were my friends were no longer my friends. A lot of people turned their back on us, and Mom got a lot of hate mail. They were like, ‘How dare you sue Nasa?’ We were no longer part of the Nasa family.”
Krist said Nasa had forwarded her a note from one critic who said Grissom should not be filing a suit because her husband had assumed a certain amount of risk by being an astronaut.
But Krist, a product-liability lawyer, said the astronauts had a right to expect that their capsule would be properly designed and that all prudent precautions would be taken to protect them. “The capsule was anything but fireproof,” he said. In any case, Krist said, the suit made it easier for the families of the other two astronauts who were killed to receive compensation without having to go to court.
“Despite the criticism, she never flinched,” Krist said of Grissom. “She never regretted the lawsuit and never hesitated in her commitment to see it through.”
Betty Lavonne Moore was born on 8 August 1927, in Mitchell, Indiana, to Claude and Pauline Moore. Her father worked at a cement plant. She grew up in Mitchell and met Grissom in high school. They soon married, and she got a job as a late-night telephone operator for Indiana Bell while he studied mechanical engineering at Purdue University on the GI Bill.
When she received news of her husband’s death in 1967, Grissom was at a friend’s house for their weekly poker game. She said at the time that she had “already died 100,000 deaths” being married to an astronaut.
An early scare came in July
1961 after Grissom, as the second American in space, had successfully completed a 15-minute sub-orbital flight under the Mercury programme. He nearly drowned when his capsule landed in the Atlantic Ocean and sank after the hatch blew off prematurely.
In the 1983 movie adaptation of The Right Stuff, Grissom was portrayed by Veronica Cartwright and Grissom by Fred Ward.
In addition to her son Mark, Grissom is survived by another son, Scott; two grandchildren; and one great-grandchild.
On 27 January 2017, on the 50th anniversary of the Apollo disaster, Grissom and her family attended a small memorial ceremony at Cape Canaveral on Launch Complex 34, the now-crumbling concrete site where her husband’s capsule had been engulfed in flames.
The site was decorated with three red, white and blue floral wreaths provided by the Grissom family to honour all three men who had perished. She and her family had come annually on the anniversary of the fire, but she said she sensed that this would be her last time.
In contrast to the way she had been shunned in earlier days, Grissom was the centre of attention.
She told an interviewer that her husband’s sacrifice had helped pave the way for future missions in which other astronauts made it to the moon.
Still, she said, “I’m pretty sure he got to the moon before they did.”
“Of course he didn’t make it,” she added, “but in spirit I think he was already there.” KATHARINE Q SEELYE