Rosalind Gill and shani oRGad

wide range of issues across many spheres of life – from the welfare system to consumer culture, body image, the workplace, parenting, education and sex and relationship advice.

Rather than identifying the root causes of structural inequality, confidence culture reframes social injustices in terms of internal obstacles and personal deficits through, for example, familiar phrases such as “your lack of confidence is holding you back” or “we do this to ourselves”.

Take the pandemic’s devastating and disproportionate economic impact on women – including increased unemployment, the scalingback of paid work and the widening gender pay gap. In response, workplace schemes have offered “confidence training” courses and advice for women, while organisations, life coaches and lifestyle media implore women to believe in themselves, “fill your own cup first” and “remember that confidence is a work in progress”.

Thus, instead of holding government, workplaces, corporations and the education system to account, confidence culture – even if well-meaning – calls on women to work on themselves in order to tackle their imposter syndrome, change the way they think, feel, communicate, hold their bodies and occupy space.

Confidence culture directs us ever more inward, shifting the responsibility and the blame for social ills on to the shoulders of individual women.

Moreover, with the exponential rise in stress and mental health issues – all profoundly exacerbated by years of austerity and now the pandemic – confidence and self-care apps, targeting women, have boomed. Several reports identified the growth of self-care apps as one of the biggest health and consumer trends of the pandemic, driven largely by women and millennials.

In the area of body image, most experts agree that pressures on women are intensifying. Yet rather than critically addressing these punitive and unrealistic ideals, beauty brands are hiring “confidence ambassadors” and female celebrities are advocating body positivity and self-love. From “woke advertising” to hashtags across social media and more, inspirational mantras and positive affirmations addressing girls and women relentlessly promote self-belief and positivity.

We urgently need to shift this emphasis and tackle the structural inequalities that the pandemic has so clearly spotlighted and that the cost-of-living crisis is now highlighting so brutally. We need to challenge the endless encouragement of women and girls to work on and care for themselves (because no-one else will).

Rather than an individualised and psychologised confidence culture, we need to invest in building and sustaining social structures and policies that support, ensure and reinforce women’s safety, wellbeing and power.

We don’t need more emphasis on blaming and changing women, we need to change the world.

Confidence culture directs us ever more inward, shifting the responsibility and the blame for social ills on to the shoulders of individual women

■ Prof Gill is professor of social and cultural analysis at City University. Prof Orgad is professor of media and communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Their article originally appeared on www.theconversation.com. Their book Confidence Culture, published by Duke University Press, is out now