Bilingual learning gives young people the edge
Some parents who don’t speak Welsh found Welshlanguage home schooling a challenge during lockdown. They should persevere, says Delyth Jones, PGCE Link Tutor for Modern Foreign Languages at Aberystwyth University
BILINGUALISM can result in changes in the brains of children, potentially offering increased problem-solving skills. Pupils who are competent in two or more languages may have academic advantages over monolingual children.
In Wales, children have the opportunity to become bilingual by attending Welsh-medium primary and secondary schools, where the sole or main language of instruction is Welsh.
However, parents who do not speak Welsh but send their children to be educated in the language have reported finding home schooling challenging during the lockdown. Some may even be considering moving their children to English schools in order to be better able to support them at home – perhaps because of fears of future lockdowns or quarantines.
Nevertheless, where they can, parents should keep the faith. The benefits of a bilingual education are huge, and turning their backs on Welshmedium education might be detrimental to increasing the number of young Welsh-speakers.
Welsh-medium education allows pupils to achieve fluency in both Welsh and English to a greater extent than they can achieve by learning Welsh in an English-medium school. The Welsh Government has a target of a million Welsh-speakers by 2050, and school education has an important role to play in achieving this.
My past research explored the Welsh-language competence of primary school pupils who spoke English at home and attended Welshmedium schools. I found that aspects of their communicative competence in the Welsh language were similar to a control group of Welsh native speakers. Both groups made the same developmental grammatical “errors”, although the English-speaking group made these errors more often.
Parents who do not speak Welsh, but whose children attend Welshmedium school, have experienced difficulties in home schooling during the coronavirus pandemic.
Welsh-medium schools are successful in English-language examination results as well as in other academic subjects. In 2019, three out of the 10 top secondary schools in Wales were Welsh-medium.
Immersion education, where lessons are taught in a minority language (such as Welsh) for pupils who speak a majority language (such as English) in the home, is more successful at creating bilingual speakers than English education with Welsh lessons alone.
Immersion schooling was initiated in Canada in the 1960s, and research showed that children achieved higher levels of bilingualism when they were taught in a minority language.
Studies on immersion education throughout the world have backed up these results.
Increasing numbers of parents around the world are giving their children access to education not only in two languages, but in three or more languages. Where a minority language exists in the community, trilingual education is gaining in popularity. Pupils receive their education in the minority language and the majority language of the region as well as taking lessons in a foreign language.
One example is the Basque country, where pupils receive their education in Euskara (the Basque language) and Castilian (Spanish) and also learn English as a foreign language.
In 2012, Scotland began introducing two additional languages at primary schools, while England made teaching a foreign language part of the national curriculum in primary schools in 2014.
Wales’ new curriculum of 2022 will see a foreign language introduced in primary schools, which will mean children at Welsh-medium primary schools will develop competence in three languages. The new curriculum emphasises the role that language learning plays in enabling pupils to learn about their own cultural identity, as well as the cultural identities of others.
Enabling children to become bilingual through Welsh-medium education ensures that, when they are older, they can better compete with bilingual and multilingual people from the UK and European countries. Businesses in the past have had to rely on EU nationals to fill posts where foreign-language skills are required.
Learning an additional language is easier for people who are bilingual as they already have two languages at their disposal. This enables bilingual children to make connections between the languages they already know and the foreign language. Further on in life, studies have shown that bilingualism may delay dementia and Alzheimer’s.