Quotas fail to boost women in Latin American politics
Only two of 33 countries in the region have female presidents
Three decades have passed since the first parliamentary gender quota was approved in Latin America, and women in the region today still face political violence, schemes designed to leave them out and a culture that burdens them with child care. As a result, the progress of women in politics has stalled in one of the world’s most economically unequal places.
Not so long ago, women led some of the region’s biggest economies, including Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Now, out of 33 countries including the Caribbean, only two have female presidents. The lack of female leadership is mirrored in cabinets and legislatures: Despite quotas that mandate 40% or 50% participation, women occupy fewer than a third of those posts. As a result, more aggressive baselines are being implemented in some countries that call for not just a participation percentage, but “parity in everything,” as Mexico’s Constitution now requires.
“Parties understand quotas as the ceiling and not the minimum requirement for women participation,” said Maria-Noel Vaeza, Latin America regional director for UNWomen, a U.N. unit working for gender equality and empowerment of women. “Now it’s time for gender parity, not quotas.”
Tabata Amaral, 27, emerged as a young star in Brazil’s 2018 congressional elections.
The daughter of a bus driver and a maid, she studied in Brazil’s dilapidated public school system for most of her life before scoring a full scholarship to Harvard and diving into politics.
The center-left politician quickly found herself inundated by hate messages. She has been publicly singled out for taking positions her male colleagues also backed, and she’s received death threats.
“People still believe that places of power are not for us,” she said in an interview in her childhood home in one of Sao Paulo’s poorest neighborhoods.
Women account for only 15% of Brazil’s congress — half of the percentage political parties are mandated to reserve on their rosters for female candidates. The quotas, set in 1997, increased the number of female representatives nationally, but the country has stagnated compared with its peers.
“It’s really rare to find a woman in a leadership position in a political party,” Amaral says. She also points to a phenomenon of including women as “laranjas” — phony candidates that are just filler names so that parties can check off the requirement of having enough female candidates. Such a candidate usually receives a noticeably low number of votes. In the 2018 elections, 35% of female candidates to the lower chamber got fewer than 320 votes from 107 million voters.
So she proposed a solution: a bill that would give a financial bonus to parties for supporting women on their ballots. But Amaral, who’s sponsoring the legislation, doesn’t think it will pass — not in the political climate of far-right President Jair Bolsonaro’s administration. Even if it were to pass, nothing ensures the rule would work. In Chile, studies show that women still receive less money from parties, banks and donors than male candidates, despite a rule that says parties get additional funding for every woman they elect, according to Jennifer Piscopo, associate professor of politics at Occidental College and editor of a book on the impact of gender quotas. “When women are unknown, the default candidate voters go for is a man,” she says.
Throughout the region, quota requirements have often been twisted as well. In 2018, Mexico’s Electoral Institute suspended 17 male candidates for Oaxaca’s state legislature for posing as transgender women to dodge the gender rule.
“Latin America has shown the world that it is good to have the intention of parity, but there are loopholes in its implementation,” says Mariana Duarte, gender officer for the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
In Brazil, women didn’t even have a bathroom in the Senate chambers until 2016, resorting instead to one at the restaurant next door.
“The devil is in the details,” says
Duarte.