’15 Earth’s hottest in 136 years, experts say

WASHINGTON — Last year wasn’t just the Earth’s hottest year on record — it left a century of high temperature marks in the dust.

The National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and NASA announced Wednesday that 2015 was by far the hottest year in 136 years of record keeping. For the most part, scientists at the agencies and elsewhere blamed man-made global warming, with a boost from El Nino.

NOAA said 2015’s temperature was 58.62 degrees Fahrenheit, passing 2014 by a record margin of 0.29 degrees. That’s 1.62 degrees above the 20th-century average. NASA, which measures differently, said 2015 was 0.23 degrees warmer than the record set in 2014 and 1.6 degrees above the 20th-century average.

Because of the margin over 2014, NASA calculated that 2015 was a record with 94 percent certainty, more than double the certainty it had last year when announcing 2014 as a record. NOAA put the number at above 99 percent — or “virtually certain,” said Tom Karl, director of NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information.

For the first time Earth is 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit — about 1 degree Celsius — warmer than it was in pre-industrial times, NOAA and NASA said. That’s a milestone because world leaders have set a threshold of trying to avoid warming of 1.5 degrees or 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial times.

Because of the pace of rising temperatures, “we don’t have very far to go to reach 1.5,” Karl said.

But 1.5 degrees or 2 degrees Celsius are not “magic numbers,” and “we’re already seeing the impacts of global warming,” said Gavin Schmidt, the NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies director.

“This trend will continue. It will continue because we understand why it’s happening,” Schmidt said. “It’s happening because the dominant force is carbon dioxide” from burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.

Although 2015 is now the hottest year on record, it was the fourth time in 11 years that Earth broke annual marks for high temperatures.

“It’s getting to the point where breaking [the] record is the norm,” Texas Tech climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe said. “It’s almost unusual when we’re not breaking a record.”

December was the 10th month last year that set a monthly warmth record, with only January and April not hitting high marks.

“That’s the first time we’ve seen that,” said NOAA’s Karl.

In December, the globe was 2 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than normal, beating the previous record set in 2014 by more than a half a degree, NOAA calculated.

Earth has broken monthly heat records 34 times since 2000. The last time a global cold month record was set was December 1916, and the coldest year on record was 1911, according to NOAA.

An added factor for 2015 is the strong El Nino, a warming of parts of the Pacific Ocean that changes weather worldwide and adds to the globe’s heat. Michael Mann of Pennsylvania State University said a strong El Nino can add about a third of a degree of warming to Earth’s temperature but that “sits upon the ramp of global warming.”

Karl and Schmidt said 2015 would have been a record without El Nino. “But El Nino pushed it way over the top,” Karl said.

And it’s likely to happen this year, too. Schmidt, Karl and others said there’s a better than even chance that this year will pass 2015 as the hottest year on record, thanks to El Nino.

“[Last year] will be difficult to beat, but you say that almost every year and you get surprised,” said Victor Gensini, a meteorology professor at the College of DuPage outside Chicago.

Measurements from Japan, the United Kingdom and the University of California at Berkeley also show 2015 is the warmest on record. Satellite measurements, which scientists say don’t measure where we live and have a larger margin of error, calculate that last year was only the third-hottest since 1979.

Nonscientists who reject mainstream climate science often criticize NOAA for adjustments to past temperature records to reconcile the measurement devices with modern techniques, but even without any adjustments NOAA data show 2015 as the hottest year on record, Karl said.