Cyber crimes
The recent ransomware attack that brought down MRI scanners in the U.K., railroad ticket machines in Germany, interior ministry computers in Russia and parts of the FedEx network in the U.S. is bound to cause a backlash against spy agencies’ cyber warfare capabilities. It shows that services such as the U.S. National Security Agency hoard weapons that, by their very nature, target civilian infrastructure.
The WannaCry attack wasn’t a bigtime nation-state operation, though it’s likely that it may have originated in Russia. Last year 75 percent of crypto ransomware—malware that encrypts files on the target machine to force its owner to pay a ransom in exchange for their decryption—originated from the Russian-speaking hacker underworld. The largest number of WannaCry attacks occurred in Russia and Ukraine. The hackers weren’t playing some political interference game: They were after money, in bitcoin. Researchers who tracked the bitcoin addresses hardwired into the malware found that tens of thousands of dollars had been paid before the spread of the virus was halted by a cybersecurity expert who accidentally found a flaw in WannaCry.
That flaw, apparently the result of the hackers’ rather clumsy attempt to prevent their malware from being analyzed, shows the attack wasn’t highly sophisticated. Its main element was developed by the NSA, not the hackers, a vulnerability code-named Eternal blue, which allowed the agency to commandeer old pre-Windows 10 versions of the Microsoft operating system. The NSA code was released in April by a hacking group calling itself Shadow Brokers, which had apparently failed to find a buyer for a large trove of NSA cyberweapons.
After the recent leaks of hacking tools from the NSA and the Central Intelligence Agency, cyber espionage critics, including NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, have criticized the agencies for hoarding vulnerabilities for their own use instead of flagging them to companies like Microsoft in the interest of public safety. Following the WannaCry attack, one of the biggest in history, Microsoft itself has joined the ranks of the critics. In a strongly worded blog post, Brad Smith, the company’s president and chief legal officer, wrote:
“Repeatedly, exploits in the hands of governments have leaked into the public domain and caused widespread damage. An equivalent scenario with conventional weapons would be the U.S. military having some of its Tomahawk missiles stolen. And this most recent attack represents a completely unintended but disconcerting link between the two most serious forms of cybersecurity threats in the world today—nation-state action and organized criminal action.”
Microsoft and its peers shouldn’t count on the NSA to hand over information about vulnerabilities; spies will be spies. Given the current regulatory environment, it’s the responsibility of these companies themselves, with their enormous financial resources, to track down these gaps in the security of their products, paying to acquire information if necessary.
Smith, however, is right when he calls for a Digital Geneva Convention that would protect civilians against nation-states’ cyber wars, just as the Fourth Geneva Convention defends civilians in time of conventional war.
How the NSA planned to use Eternal blue in the first place is a good question. The fact that it only works against old Windows systems shows that it is specifically directed against civilian infrastructure such as public sector networks that are often administered cheaply by overworked, less qualified information technology professionals on obsolete hardware with software that won’t run on Windows 10.
The newest version of the Microsoft operating system now holds 26 percent of the global market. The share of Windows 7, released in 2009, is 48.5 percent, and 7 percent of the world’s Internet-connected computers still use 16-year-old Windows XP. No matter how Microsoft pushes the newest system to customers (the upgrades are free), some systems stick with the old versions because they can’t afford the switching effort in terms of the time required and the old hardware’s insufficiency. Expensive MRI machines used by the British National Health Service are a good example; medical equipment everywhere is likely to run antiquated systems, and it’s exposed to attacks delivered through the Internet.
The Russian interior ministry’s computers affected by the WannaCry virus aren’t military-use machines; they’re old computers in police stations and service centers, the ones that are always the last to get an upgrade. For the German railroads, too, switching all the ticket terminals to Windows 10 is not exactly a priority.
It’s easy to say everyone should be vigilant, install every patch released and preferably never miss an operating system update. Certainly many institutions and companies under-invest in this area. These civilian systems, however, will always lag behind, and that’s why the NSA thinks old Windows vulnerabilities are worth hoarding.
It’s tempting for an intelligence service to find ways to shut down an adversary’s power grid or hospital system or to hack traffic lights in a big city to cause chaos. But that’s as unethical as shooting or torturing the civilians in war. It should be illegal to develop such weapons, just as it is to produce nerve gas for military uses. Intelligence agencies should be legally required to give up any cyber weapons that don’t specifically target the military capabilities of adversary states.
It would be naive to believe that would rule out the use of such cyber weapons. But it will improve intelligence services’ accountability and, at the very least, force them to take better care of any dark stuff that comes into their hands. As it is, if they have a piece of malware, it’s highly likely that even small-time criminals will have it too.