With malice toward none
Abraham Lincoln, born 210 years ago this month, was president during an era even more rancorous and polarized than our own. Yet he managed to navigate it— not in a way that pleased everyone or made him popular, but rather by keeping the good of the country always in his sights. His path has lessons for today’s leaders.
Lincoln’s political philosophy consisted of only a few ideas, and he believed that America was based on these ideas. He said in
1861 that he had “never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence.”
In the same speech he articulated what he believed to be the core promises of that document: that liberty was the American birthright and that in America and ultimately in the world “all should have an equal chance.”
He spoke of democracy the way poet Walt Whitman did, as both our nation’s form of government and its special reason for existing.
As is the case today, many of Lincoln’s contemporaries were hyper- partisan, treating politics as a constant contest between good and evil. Lincoln believed differently. As he put it in an 1848 speech, in politics “there are few things wholly evil or wholly good,” which means that “governmental policy” must typically be “an inseparable compound of the two.” As a result, even in his darkest moments, he looked for good in the ideas of those who disagreed with him, and he expected them to do the same.
This way of thinking meant that Lincoln never treated opponents as enemies. Even during the Civil War he did not demonize Southerners or the South. He did not view those fighting on the other side as evil.
Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States of America, was Lincoln’s opposite in many ways, including in temperament. In 1861 he said of Northerners: “Our people now look with contemptuous astonishment on those with whom they had been so recently associated.” Lincoln did not think or talk that way. Nor did he respond in kind to personal attacks, even as they rained down on him.
In 1865, when Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address, the Civil War was nearing an end, and he was already thinking about how “to bind up the nation’s wounds.” In that same address, when he urged “malice toward none,” he meant it.
Lincoln was often accused of being noncommittal, of seeming to want things both ways. He would infuriate colleagues by telling them, “My policy is to have no policy.” He would change his mind, vacillate, and propose half- measures that displeased everyone. Many viewed him as weak.
Within his own party, the Radical Republicans, those most fervently opposed to slavery, never trusted him. Lincoln, in turn, considered them unreasonable zealots. He complained to his secretary that they were “utterly lawless” and “the unhandiest devils in the world to deal with.” But he also could admire their idealism and recognize their goodness, explaining to his secretary that “after all, their faces are set Zionwards.”
Lincoln chose humor over vitriol and understanding over judgment. He liked making suggestions more than issuing orders. A strong, confident man, but one who also experienced dark depression, Lincoln was mild- mannered. His capacity for empathy was striking to those around him.
Lincoln had important flaws, but was providentially suited to his times. In a time of disunity, he tried to remind Americans what united them. Amid conflict, he sought conciliation. Amid anger, he advocated “charity for all.” Amid despair, he summoned “the better angels of our nature.”
On his birthday month, today’s leaders would do well to contemplate his wisdom.
David Blankenhorn is president of Better Angels, an organization bringing together red and blue Americans.