International students could help schools survive US college-age population drop

Bunker Hill Community College enrollment has dropped precipitously over the past decade, from more than 8,900 students in fiscal 2014 to about 5,400 in fiscal 2023. New England is experiencing outmigration, fewer students are graduating from Massachusetts high schools, and COVID-19 drove many low-income students — who might otherwise have enrolled at Bunker Hill — into the job market.

“When you ask what’s the traditional college student, the answers you get are the people we no longer have: the 18- to 22-year-old with two parents, a white picket fence, and dogs,” Bunker Hill president Pam Eddinger said.

That’s where students like Gabriele Deliperi come in. A 26-year-old music producer from Italy, Deliperi already earned his bachelor’s degree back home. But his dream is to produce music for Hollywood, so he wanted to sharpen his skills in the United States. He said he was attracted to Boston because it has public transportation and “European vibes.” He said Bunker Hill Community College offers him the opportunity to study music at a price that is far more affordable than private colleges. Now in his second semester, he hopes to transfer to Berklee College of Music after getting his associate’s degree.

As colleges in Massachusetts face the so-called “demographic cliff,” many schools will need to expand into new markets to survive. This could mean looking to growing communities, like adult new immigrants, or expanding to new domestic markets or nontraditional students. It will almost certainly include attracting students from other countries, whether immigrants or international students.

Of course, some schools already do cater to foreign students. There were around 1 million international higher ed students studying in the United States last year, according to Open Doors, which tracks international student data. Education analysts at HolonIQ, which maps international student flows, predict that by 2030, there will be more than 1.2 million international students here, with close to 60 percent of them coming from China or India.

International students have for years served a vital role for certain colleges, often elite, selective schools. Since international students generally pay full tuition, they can financially subsidize aid for domestic students. Massachusetts ranks fourth among all states in the number of international students it hosts, around 66,200 in 2021, according to Open Doors. More than half those students came from China or India, and more than 26,000 attended either Northeastern University or Boston University.

The question of which students to recruit and prioritize raises a host of questions about finances, education, and institutional character, and practical questions about how to serve a nontraditional student population. These are questions colleges must wrestle with.

The gold standard for attracting international students in Massachusetts is Northeastern, which ranks second after New York University for the US school with the most international students, according to Open Doors. Northeastern has more than 20,000 international students between its undergraduate, graduate, and work-related programs. Northeastern president Joseph Aoun said the school made a decision in 2007 to “globalize” the university to give students opportunities “to understand the world and be active and engaged in the world.”

For Northeastern, it is not about increasing enrollment — the school accepts just 6 percent of applicants — but an educational philosophy. “You want domestic students to be at ease whether in Mumbai or Paris or Jakarta,” Aoun said. And

Aoun acknowledges that higher education has long used full-paying international students to subsidize aid for domestic students.

Open Doors maintains a separate list of 40 leading associate’s degree programs ranked by number of international students. Bunker Hill

Community College is the only Massachusetts school to make that list, with around 550 international students in 2022-2023. Donna Casula, director of the college’s International Center, said Bunker Hill has students from more than 90 countries. Many are drawn to specific programs and are seeking an affordable path toward a bachelor’s degree. About 10 percent of international students will transfer to Northeastern, with others studying at other four-year schools, Casula said.

However, attracting large numbers of international students may not be right, or feasible, for all schools. Students learn about Northeastern or Boston University through word of mouth, while other schools lack that reputation. Boston schools have an advantage because international students have a local community of other expats. A nationally ranked school like the University of Massachusetts Amherst may have more power to draw international students than a lower-ranked regional school. Some wealthier schools — like Harvard and MIT — can offer international students financial aid.

The decision to rely on wealthy international students can draw criticism from those who believe American students should get priority for admittance since they will likely contribute to the US workforce.

UMass Amherst has more than 4,000 international students, putting it in the top five Massachusetts universities for international students. At a Board of Higher Education subcommittee meeting, Massachusetts Teachers Association President Max Page, a UMass Amherst professor, appeared to criticize this strategy, complaining to state officials that public underfunding leads to a situation where UMass must “attract wealthier out-of-state students.”

In an interview, UMass president Marty Meehan said given the impending demographic problems colleges face, the reality is that “universities will have to draw students from everywhere.”

And that’s not necessarily a bad thing. Kevin Shih, an assistant professor of economics at Queens College who has studied international students, said at some smaller colleges, international students may displace domestic students. But at larger schools, having more full-pay international students provides the resources to admit more domestic students with aid. “In some cases where they pay much more than the average cost of educating students, [international students] can actually create seats for domestic students,” Shih said.

There are also strategies to address concerns that international students — who are more likely to major in STEM fields — will leave after graduation.

In her fiscal 2025 budget proposal, Governor Maura Healey is seeking to start an “Entrepreneur-In-Residence Program,” where the state would partner with schools and industry to offer tailored services that help immigrant students navigate the federal visa system and find ways to stay in Massachusetts after graduation. The Healey administration says Massachusetts retains just 66 percent of international graduates, compared to 85 percent in top-performing areas of the United States, and about 7,000 international graduates leave the state each year.

Programs like this could help harness the talents of international students like Erxhela Cabiri, a 35-year-old from Albania who’s studying at Bunker Hill Community College. Cabiri’s parents are US citizens living in Braintree, and her sister lives in Boston. Cabiri saw an ad for Bunker Hill Community College on the MBTA while visiting her family. She has a law degree and was working in technology for a telecommunications company in Albania. But she wanted more formal training in technology and wanted to be closer to family. After determining that Bunker Hill had a strong support system for international students, she moved with her husband and two young children to Boston and enrolled to study web development. Cabiri said she is potentially interested in moving to the United States if she can get a visa and find a job.

Schools that can identify the right markets to recruit from and tailor programs to meet those students’ needs will not only help their own bottom line but could also play an important role in recruiting new young people to study — and eventually live and work — in Massachusetts.