Niklaus Wirth, software developer who saw power in simplicity, dies at 89

In the late 1970s, an ambitious new computer company called Apple started to brainstorm its next steps as the age of home computers suddenly seemed a reality. The company had already made a mark with the desktop Apple II in 1977. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs and others were trying to set the bar higher.

What emerged was unlike anything on the consumer market: a user-friendly screen of folders and menus and a curious scroll-and-click device dubbed a mouse – first with the commercial-flop Lisa in 1983 and then the groundbreaking Macintosh in 1984.

Jobs found inspiration wherever he could. One point of reference was just down the road at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and its in-house Alto computer network, forerunners of the desktop.

Another muse was a software visionary in Switzerland, Niklaus Wirth, whose elegantly simple coding language, Pascal, helped power the personal-computer revolution at Apple in the 1980s and elsewhere, and profoundly streamlined how programmers built their instructions.

“This was the first generation which was free to focus on what you could do with the computer rather than on the computer itself,” said Dr. Wirth, who died at his home in Zurich on Jan. 1 at 89.

Dr. Wirth’s Pascal – named for 17th-century French mathematician Blaise Pascal – brought a simplified language and intuitive logic into the digital realm in the early 1970s. Earlier computer coding options, including FORTRAN, BASIC and others, worked well with straightforward processes but often required complicated steps to execute more challenging functions.

Dr. Wirth liked to repeat an analogy coined by British computer scientist Tony Hoare, who described the pre-Pascal languages as akin to playing the piano with two fingers. Easy songs can be learned quickly, but harder pieces become exceedingly difficult.

Pascal’s spread was partly fueled by Dr. Wirth’s open-source initiatives. He made no attempt to profit off his creation, saying it should be a “public good.” He shared the source code with anyone who asked. At the same time, computers were increasingly becoming part of everyday use in academia and business. Access to Pascal gave a generation of young programmers a common tool kit to experiment and build code.

“Along came a generation who had ready access to computers and, most importantly, who had not to unlearn old habits,” he said in a 2004 interview with an academic journal published by the University of Klagenfurt in Austria.

Pascal variations took root across the industry, including for Microsoft Windows. A former software company, Borland, developed fast-running versions of Pascal, including the popular Turbo Pascal. Dr. Wirth “changed the way people think about programming,” one of the Borland co-founders, Philippe Kahn, told BusinessWeek.

In 1984, Dr. Wirth received the Turing Award, often referred to as the Nobel Prize of computing, presented by the Association for Computing Machinery. In his speech at the awards ceremony in San Francisco, Dr. Wirth described the process of invention as separating “what is essential and what ephemeral” and, through trial and error, casting aside anything overcomplicated or unnecessary.

“One learns best,” he said, “by inventing.”

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Art of simplicity Niklaus Emil Wirth was born in Winterthur, Switzerland, on Feb. 15, 1934. His father was a geography professor, and his mother was a homemaker.

He recounted being deeply curious about mechanics and experimentation as a boy. He dabbled with a homemade chemistry lab in the basement, took apart radios and built model airplanes he sent aloft in the fields around his home. The crashes, he said, taught him lessons about the value of thrift and precision.

“If you have to pay [for repairs] out of your own pocket money,” he told BusinessWeek in 1990, “you learn not to make the fixes overly complicated.”

He received a degree in electrical engineering in 1959 from Zurich’s Federal Institute of Technology, known as ETH Zurich.