Chicago Daily Tribune

ON JULY 28 ...

In 1821 Peru proclaimed its independence from Spain.

In 1914 World War I began when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

In 1932 federal troops dispersed the “Bonus Army” of poor, unemployed World War I veterans who had gathered in Washington since May to seek additional benefits.

In 1943 President Franklin Roosevelt announced the end of coffee rationing.

In 1959, in preparation for statehood, Hawaiians voted to send Hiram Fong to the Senate as its first Chinese-American member and Daniel Inouye to the House as its first Japanese-American.

In 1965 President Lyndon Johnson announced he was increasing the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.

In 1972 the Beijing government reported that Chinese Defense Minister Lin Piao had tried to kill Chairman Mao Zedong and had died in a plane crash Sept. 12, 1971, while trying to flee China.

In 1976 more than 240,000 people died when an earthquake struck northern China’s Tangshan province.

In 1982 the U.S. House voted to bar funds for the development, testing, procurement or operation of any nuclear weapon that would undercut the two SALT agreements with the Soviet Union.

In 1984 the Summer Olympics opened in Los Angeles, minus a Soviet-led bloc of 15 nations, plus Iran, Libya, Albania and Bolivia.

In 1988 Congress approved $6 billion in aid for drought-stricken farmers.

In 1989 Israeli commandos abducted a pro-Iranian Shiite Muslim cleric, Sheik Abdul-Karim Obeid, from his home in southern Lebanon.

In 1997 the Clinton administration and congressional leaders reached a tentative agreement on balancing the budget by the year 2002.

In 1998 Monica Lewinsky received blanket immunity in exchange for providing “full and truthful testimony” to a grand jury investigating President Bill Clinton.

In 2000 Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori was sworn in for an unprecedented third term, infuriating demonstrators who set government buildings ablaze.

In 2002 American cyclist Lance Armstrong won his fourth consecutive Tour de France. (He was stripped of the title in 2012.)

In 2004 Francis Crick, the Nobel Prize-winning scientist who with James Watson discovered the structure of DNA, died in San Diego; he was 88.

In 2005 the Irish Republican Army renounced the use of violence against British rule in Northern Ireland and said it would disarm.

In 2009 Brian Dugan pleaded guilty to the 1983 kidnapping, rape and murder of 10-year-old Naperville Township girl Jeanine Nicarico, a crime for which two other men had been falsely convicted and sentenced to death before those cases fell apart.

In 2013 a bus crashed through a guardrail and plunged nearly 100 feet near Baiano, Italy, killing 38 people. Also in 2013 Eileen Brennan, actress best known for her role in the 1980 film “Private Benjamin,” died.

In 2016 Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential nominee from a major party.