Why do we love books about presidents?
Obama’s ‘Promised Land’ is next and there’s a stack about Trump
In the early 1930s, Ralph Newmanwaswalking through theNearNorth Side when he noticed a bookstore going out of business. He had left NorthwesternUniversity after a semester to play minor league baseball in the Southwest— only to be injured and leave baseball. Hewas in his 20s when he returned to Chicago. He was hunting for new opportunities when he decided hewould sell books. He got a loan and bought out the stock of the closing store. One of his regulars became poet Carl Sandburg, thenworking on a four-volume biography of Abraham Lincoln’s Civil War years. They became close friends, and Sandburg suggestedNewman specialize in Lincoln books.
Which sounds like a narrowniche.
And yet books about United States presidents— biographies, autobiographies, tell-alls, takedowns, hagiographies, conspiracies — have been among the most durable literary genres since the presidency of GeorgeWashington. When Barack Obama’s latest memoir, “A Promised Land,” is released onNov. 17, its hefty three-million first printing alone speaks to that enduring appeal.
Newman made a shrewd bet.
By the time he died in 1998, he himselfwas a renowned Lincoln scholar, and his business, the Abraham Lincoln Book Shop, founded in 1938, was one of Chicago’s oldest bookstores. Itwas also amagnet for politicians, historians, artists— George Saunders, DanWalker, TonyKushner, DorisKearns Goodwin, David Axelrod, Lyndon Johnson. It hosted both a going-away party for Illinois Sen. Paul Simon and a welcome-home party for IllinoisGov. OttoKerner when hewas released from federal prison. In fact, nine decades and 12 different locations later, the Abraham Lincoln Book Shop is still here, nowoccupying 3,000 square feet on the ground floor of a condo complex, beside the Chicago River, offHalsted. It’s quiet, looks partly like a design studio, partly like a reading room. Newbooks constitute less of its stock nowthan antiquarian editions; a note at its door lists the hours as “By appointment or by chance.”
But its focus remains books about presidents.
“I don’t think this country ever stoppedwondering what leadership looks like, and howthose leaders have informed us,” said owner
DanielWeinberg, who bought the store fromNewman in 1984. “The best books on presidents often are the bestways to understand the country.”
And theworst cost $40 and never get read.
“A Promised Land,” the first of a two-volume autobiography fromObama, enters a tradition as celebrated and popular as it may appear overpopulated and overhyped. In fact, according toNPD BookScan, more books on politics have been
published and sold since 2016 than in the past 20 years alone. Call it the Trump Bump. Or perhaps a desire to remember White Houses past. But not aweek passes nowwithout a new presidential history, offering revelations, some fresh vantage, some sliver of history overlooked until now. Evan Osnos, aNew Yorker staff writer (and former Tribune reporter), even has a slender new biography, “Joe Biden: The Life, the Run, and WhatMattersNow.” It arrives after four years of turmoil-in-the-WhiteHouse bestsellers, many just shiny enough to appear indispensable for a single cable news cycle. But all have taken their places within a pantheon of Pulitzer winners, quickies and doorstop Father’sDay gifts, some ubiquitous (Ron Chernow’s “AlexanderHamilton”), some perpetual (Robert Caro’s four-volume Lyndon Johnson epic, awaiting its fifth and final volume someday). Even as I glance at the new presidential books onmy shelf, I’m struck by the variety: The macro (Thomas Ricks’ “First Principles: What America’s Founders Learned Fromthe Greeks and Romans andHowThat Shaped Our Country”) the micro (Denise Kiernan’s “We GatherTogether,” which digs into Lincoln’s endorsement of ThanksgivingDay) and the overdue (Chicago native Jonathan Alter’s stirring “His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, A Life”). But the deluge never slows. You knowwho once wrote a presidential biography?
Karl Rove, aboutWilliamMcKinley. (And it got good reviews.) GaryHart oncewrote a short biography of JamesMonroe. Remember Conrad Black, the disgraced former publisher of the Chicago Sun-Times? He wrote a well-received biography of FDR.
“Americans love their heroes and bullies, and presidents are usually one or the other,” said Alexis Coe, author of a quirky recentWashington biography (“YouNever Forget Your First”) and presidential podcast (“Presidents are People Too!”). “Though we thinkwe see our heroes clearly, we don’t quite understand whywe like our bullies. And so we buy a lot of these books.” She paused.
“Having said that, I have been inside a house where a dad exists, and I have talked to people during book tours who buy these books — and I’m not always convinced they are getting read.”
HaroldHolzer, former chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation aswell as author (and editor) of more than 50 books about Lincoln, thinks of presidential autobiographies as a second draft of history, after daily journalism, “though vital for creating a final draft.” But even he doesn’t read all the president books he buys: “I’m not sure I finished GeorgeW.’s, and Bill Clinton— it got too heavy to balance in bed. But these books seem to sell in proportion to the popularity of a president after they leave office. So Obama’s book, it could not have come out at a better time.”
Based on whatwe knowof
Obama’s (heavily embargoed) new memoir, it checks many of the boxes expected of presidential autobiography: There’s revelation (having been a grassroots organizer himself, he “could hardly complain” when the grassroots Tea Party entered the scene), anger (whenU.S. Rep. JoeWilson yelled “You lie!” during a speech, Obamawas tempted to leave his podium and “smack the guy in the head”), candid assessments (he imagines former chief of staff Rahm Emanuel wished hewasn’t stuck with such an idealistic president), and a hint of humility (he admits to looking overconfident on his chances of remaking health care).
Carlos Lozada, a book critic at theWashington Post, describes Obama as one of the fewU.S. presidents who could have had a writing career if hewas never a politician (Carter and Jefferson being the two others). But Lozada also notes howloose Obama’s first memoir (1995’s “Dreams From My Father”) reads compared with 2006’s dull “Audacity ofHope”, clearly written with the White House in mind. “The closer Obama gets to power, the less compelling those bookswork as literature.” Actually, Lozada himself has a new contribution to the literature of presidents, “What WereWe Thinking,” a cataloging of 150 or so books about Donald Trump published since 2016. Therewere so many that Lozada comparesways in which several books describe the same Pentagon meeting between Trump and military. Therewere so many that Lozada notices the same Trump supporter interviewed in two different books, as an example of everyday supporters.
Lozada said,“With a lot of presidents, but especially with (Trump), there can be so much focus on howwe got here that, at the risk of sounding cute, I wanted to create more of a record of whatwe thought about while wewere there and howwe reacted to Trumpism in real time. I can imagine an intellectual history of Trump in the future that analyzes Facebook or podcasts; still there is a sense thatwe have always defined ourselves though our books.”
As Obama writes in his new memoir (about the GOP, though it nicely doubles as a meta-criticism of presidential literature): “The stories toldwere often as important as the substance achieved.”
Start with that seminal national myth, that GeorgeWashington never told a lie, that he cut down a
cherry tree. Itwas fabricated by MasonWeems, an earlyWashington biographer. As the Indianabased historian Craig Fehrman writes aboutWeems in “Author In Chief,” his absorbing new history of the presidential book: “Therewas plenty to make readers skeptical, starting with the fact that (myths aboutWashington) all seemed to discover moral truths in fruit trees.”
Presidential autobiography was initially a questionable form.
Fehrman said that four of the first five presidents tried to write memoirs of their time in office, but such a bookwas thought gauche in the early days of the country— too self-involved for a still-living president. Not until Buchanan (the 15th president) was a presidential memoir published while the president himself was alive. And only then, Fehrman added, that came because the CivilWar had blown up the idea of a president so removed fromhis countrymen. “Americanswanted to knowthe person governing them, and the warwas so overwhelming, they couldn’twait until these people were dead.” By the time Ulysses S. Grant publishes his memoirs in 1885— still the gold standard for presidential autobiography (despite not being about the White House at all)— it’s written as Grant nears death and fears his family will be impoverished. Our contemporary expectation that a blockbuster memoir follows a presidency didn’t click into place until Truman.
There have been ghostwriters, of course.
Trumanworked so closely with ghostwriters, Fehrman said, transcripts of his argumentswith them read like meta-autobiography. Occasionally, if controversy latches onto a presidential memoir, it begins here: To write about “Profiles in Courage,” whichwon John F. Kennedy a Pulitzer Prize in 1957, Fehrman followed its paper trail as closely as anyone. Despite never receiving credit from the Pulitzer committee, Kennedy speechwriter Ted Sorensen is often acknowledged as the actual writer of the book. SomeKennedy biographers say Sorensen’s rolewas overstated. But Fehrman studied thousands of memos, drafts, letters, schedules and transcripts, and decided Sorensenwas the author. Speaking of a ghostwriter taking control of a memoir: Many years later, EdmundMorris, the acclaimed Theodore Roosevelt biographer, was so admired by Ronald Reagan that the president hiredMorris to prepare his WhiteHouse memoir. What happened nextwas a train wreck: “Dutch,” the infamous 1999 result, invents characters and scenes wholesale, because, as Morris said, hewas frustrated by the lack of usable material and candor fromReagan.
Still, even if you set aside their frankness, presidents often freeze before unwritten memoirs.
Fehrman said the publishing industry is so certain to offer a big payday now to a former president that they rush (Bill Clinton), or simply lose their fire for a book (Reagan). Some get trapped in settling scores (Nixon). Some can’t settle on a path. Some hesitate to appear vulnerable. They want to sound, in aword, presidential. “Even ‘Crippled America,’ Trump’s book before his 2016 campaign, reads less like his Twitter feed than someone running for president. But go back to ‘The Art of the Deal,’ his book from 1987, before politics, and that’s 100% a Trump voice.”
As youmight assume, the most revealing examples rarely come frompresidents, but rather, those close to presidents, hovering at the periphery, keeping notes. Morris didn’t knowor understand Reagan as a man and the bookwas bad; Sorensenwas a friend, and the book is a classic. Being married to a president doesn’t hurt: Michelle Obama’s “Becoming” has sold more than eight million copies in the two years. A memoir needs to read the room. WilliamHerndon, one of Lincoln’s lawpartners (and later a mayor of Springfield), hadworse timing: After Lincoln’s assassination, he wrote a biography that noted Lincoln’s suicidal tendencies and a lack of affection for Mary Todd.
Too soon. The book flopped. But not so for “TooMuch and Never Enough,” the bestselling memoir by Trump nieceMary Trump that has sold more than one million copies since debuting in July. Smartly written and deeply ugly, it’s a sad account of a family’s delusional behavior and entitlement (including her own), passed down by generations of creeps. It’s also a very specific kind of presidential book, which tends to be among the most enduring kind of presidential book. Think of Annette Gordon-Reed’s masterful “Thomas Jefferson and SallyHemings” (1997) and “The Hemingses ofMonticello” (2008), a pair of histories nowseen as nothing less than an influential reframing of early leaders as slave owners.
These books can shape actual history.
Another classic, “Nixon Agonistes,” from Evanston-based historian GarryWills, arriving in 1970, duringNixon’s first term, helped mold the lingering perception of the president as a simultaneously tragic and appalling figure. (It also landedWills on Nixon’s enemies list.) Indeed, Nixon’s own stony memoirs would then became a kind of two-volume rehabilitation project. DorisKearns Goodwin’s bestselling “Team of Rivals,” about Lincoln, was often cited by Obama in 2008 as hewas gathering political rivals such as Hillary Clinton to become a part of his administration.
Obama loved Lincoln books, and Lincoln lovedWashington books. Grant read about Lincoln’s debates with Stephen Douglas, and Garfield read Sherman’s memoirs (aghast at their openness). In “A Promised Land,” it’s hard to read about Obama planning for a potential pandemic and insisting on “the best available science” without also hearing a one-way conversation with Trump.
Coe said that compared with Jefferson’sMonticello home, which extensively details Jefferson’s relationships to his slaves, Washington’sMt. Vernon homestead has been largely “concerned with preservingWashington’s legacy, and therefore strongly aligned with his biographers.” Which is one reason shewanted to write a less reverential biography of the first president. From tone to title, “YouNever Forget Your First”— which includes charts about lies, diseases and dating advice— was intended as “a complete dismantling” of presidential biography, she said. “I read a lot of presidential biographies, and ones onWashington are the most consistent and monolithic in their takes. Read a variety of books about presidents, and there usually is a diversity of views. Not withWashington. I mean, Iwas the firstwoman historian to write a book on him in a hundred years.”
As she writes in her book: “Every biographer humbly endeavors to breakWashington out of his sepulcher— by proceeding in almost the exact sameway as the one who came before.”
Lincoln, in comparison, can appear overtaxed, overstudied.
David S. Reynolds’ excellent new biography, “Abe: Abraham Lincoln in His Times,” sounds like it must have beenwritten many times before. There are, after all, an estimated 17,000 books on Lincoln (no joke). There are so many books about Lincoln, there are annual awards for the new books about Lincoln. But as Reynolds said: “When you know the terrain, you knowwhat’s missing. You knowif you have something to add to the conversation. I read biography after biography on Lincoln without encountering people likeWalt Whitman, Edgar Allan Poe. You can followthe narrative of a life, but everyone is positioned culturally in a time and place. There is family and there is culture— which, for Lincoln, means popular song, a culture of violence, also poetry and humor.”
Lincoln, ironically, before he was assassinated, neverwrote his memoirs.
Reynolds doubts hewould have—“He once said, ‘There isn’t much of me.’”
Yes, there is so little to Abraham Lincoln that sprawling bookcases in the Abraham Lincoln Book Shop are dedicated to just Lincoln. So little that the fourvolume Lincoln biography that Sandburgwrote (inspiring the founding of the Abraham Lincoln Book Shop) won a Pulitzer Prize in 1940.
There is so little to Lincoln that it’s one of three Lincoln biographies to win a Pulitzer.
Then again, said ownerDaniel Weinberg, there’s a reason there’s no Millard Fillmore Book Shop.