The costs of a hegemonic mindset
The US has caused horrific humanitarian crises with its wars of aggression around the world
Editor’s note: The China Society for Human Rights Studies published an article on April 9 exposing the severe humanitarian disasters caused by the United States’ aggressive wars against foreign countries since the end of World War II. Full text follows:
The United States has always praised itself as “a city upon a hill” that is an example to others in the way it supports “natural human rights” and fulfills “natural responsibilities”, and it has repeatedly waged foreign wars under the banner of “humanitarian intervention”. During the past 240-plus years after it declared independence on July 4, 1776, the United States was not involved in any war for merely less than 20 years.
According to incomplete statistics, from the end of World War II in 1945 to 2001, among the 248 armed conflicts that occurred in 153 regions of the world, 201 were initiated by the US, which accounts for 81 percent of the total number.
Most of the wars of aggression waged by the US have been unilateral actions, and some of these wars were even opposed by its own allies. These wars not only cost the belligerent parties a large number of military lives but also caused extremely serious civilian casualties and property damage, leading to horrific humanitarian disasters. The selfishness and hypocrisy of the US have also been fully exposed through these foreign wars.
1. Major aggressive wars waged by the US after World War II
(1) The Korean War
The Korean War, which took place in the early 1950s, did not persist for a long time but it was extremely bloody, leading to more than three million civilian deaths and creating more than three million refugees.
According to statistics from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the war destroyed about 8,700 factories, 5,000 schools, 1,000 hospitals, and 600,000 households, and more than two million children under the age of 18 were uprooted by the war. During this war, the Republic of Korea lost 41.23 billion won, which was equivalent to $6.9 billion according to the official exchange rate at that time; and about 600,000 houses, 46.9 percent of railways, 1,656 highways, and 1,453 bridges in the ROK were destroyed.
Worse still, the war led to the division of the DPRK and the ROK, causing a large number of family separations. Among the more than 130,000 Koreans registered in the Ministry of Unification in the ROK who have family members cut off by the war, 75,000 have passed away, forever losing the chance to meet their lost family members again. The website of the US-based The Diplomat magazine reported on June 25, 2020, that as of November 2019, the average age of these family separation victims in the ROK had reached 81, and 60 percent of the 133,370 victims registered since 1988 had passed away, and that most of the registered victims never succeeded in meeting their lost family members again.
(2) The Vietnam War
The Vietnam War, which lasted from the 1950s to the 1970s, is the longest and most brutal war since the end of World War II. The Vietnamese government estimated that the war killed approximately 1.1 million North Vietnamese soldiers and 300,000 South Vietnamese soldiers, and caused as many as two million civilian deaths.
The government also pointed out that some of the deaths were caused by the US troops’ planned massacres that were carried out in the name of “combating the Vietnamese Communist Party”.
During the war, the US forces dropped a large number of bombs in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, almost three times the total number of bombs dropped during World War II. It is estimated that as of today, there are at least 350,000 metric tons of unexploded mines and bombs left by the US military in Vietnam alone, and these mines and bombs are still explosive. At the current rate, it will take 300 years to clean out these explosives.
The website of the Huffington Post reported on Dec 3, 2012, that statistics from the Vietnamese government showed that since the end of the war in 1975, the explosive remnants of the war had killed more than 42,000 people.
Apart from the above-mentioned explosives, the US forces dropped 20 million gallons (about 75.71 million liters) of defoliants in Vietnam during the war, directly causing more than 400,000 Vietnamese deaths. Also, approximately two million Vietnamese who came into contact with this chemical got cancer and other diseases.
This war that lasted for more than 10 years also caused more than three million refugees to flee and die in large numbers on the way across the ocean. Among the refugees that were surveyed, 92 percent were troubled by fatigue, and others suffered unexplained pregnancy losses and birth defects.
According to the US’ Vietnam War statistics, defoliants destroyed about 20 percent of the jungles and 20 to 36 percent of the mangrove forests in Vietnam.
(3) The Gulf War
In 1991, the US-led coalition forces attacked Iraq, directly leading to about 2,500 to 3,500 civilian deaths and destroying approximately 9,000 civilian houses. The war-inflicted famine, and damage to the local infrastructure and medical facilities, caused about 111,000 civilian deaths, and the United Nations Children’s Fund estimated that the war and the post-war sanctions on Iraq caused the death of about 500,000 of the country’s children.
The coalition forces targeted Iraq’s infrastructure and wantonly destroyed most of its power stations (accounting for 92 percent of the country’s total installed generating capacity), refineries (accounting for 80 percent of the country’s production capacity), petrochemical complexes, telecommunication centers (including 135 telephone networks), bridges (numbering more than 100), highways, railways, radio and television stations, cement plants, and factories producing aluminum, textiles, wires, and medical supplies.
This war led to serious environmental pollution: about 60 million barrels of petroleum were dumped into the desert, polluting about 40 million metric tons of soil; about 24 million barrels of petroleum spilled out of oil wells, forming 246 oil lakes; and the smoke and dust generated by purposely ignited oil wells polluted 953 square kilometers of land. In addition, the US troops’ depleted uranium, or DU, weapons, which contain highly toxic and radioactive material, were also first used on the battlefield during this Gulf War against Iraq.
(4) The Kosovo War
In March 1999, NATO troops led by the US blatantly set the UN Security Council aside and carried out a 78-day continuous bombing of Yugoslavia under the banner of “preventing humanitarian disasters”, killing 2,000-plus innocent civilians, injuring more than 6,000, and uprooting nearly one million.
During the war, more than two million Yugoslavians lost their sources of income, and about 1.5 million children could not go to school. NATO troops deliberately targeted the infrastructure of Yugoslavia in order to weaken the country’s determination to resist. Economists of Serbia estimated that the total economic loss caused by the bombing was as much as $29.6 billion.
Lots of bridges, roads, railways, and other buildings were destroyed during the bombing, affecting 25,000 households, 176 cultural relics, 69 schools, 19 hospitals, and 20 health centers. Apart from that, during this war, NATO troops used at least 31,000 DU bombs and shells, leading to a surge in cancer and leukemia cases in Yugoslavia and inflicted a long-term disastrous impact on the ecological environment of Yugoslavia and Europe.
(5) The Afghanistan War
In October 2001, the US sent troops to Afghanistan. While combating al-Qaeda and the Taliban, it also caused a large number of unnecessary civilian casualties. Due to the lack of authoritative statistical data, there is no established opinion about the number of civilian casualties during the Afghanistan War, but it is generally agreed that since entering Afghanistan, the US troops caused the deaths of more than 30,000 civilians, injured more than 60,000 civilians, and created about 11 million refugees.
After the US military announced its withdrawal in 2014, Afghanistan continued to be in turmoil. The website of The New York Times reported on July 30, 2019, that in the first half of 2019, there were 363 confirmed deaths due to the US bombs in Afghanistan, including 89 children. Scholars at Kabul University estimated that since its beginning, the Afghanistan War has caused about
250 casualties and the loss of $60 million per day.
(6) The Iraq War
In 2003, despite the general opposition of the international community, US troops still invaded Iraq on unfounded charges. It is hard to find precise statistics about the civilian casualties inflicted by the war, but the number is estimated to be around 200,000 to 250,000, including 16,000 civilian deaths directly caused by US forces.
Apart from that, the occupying US forces have seriously violated international humanitarian principles and created multiple “prisoner abuse cases”. After the US military announced its withdrawal from Iraq in 2011, local warfare and attacks in the country have continued. The USled coalition forces have used a large number of DU bombs and shells, cluster bombs, and white phosphorus bombs in Iraq, and have not taken any measures to minimize the damage these bombs have inflicted upon civilians.
According to the estimate of the UN, today in Iraq, there are still 25 million mines and other explosive remnants that need to be removed. The US has not yet withdrawn all its troops from Afghanistan or Iraq for now.
(7) The Syrian War
Since 2017, the US has launched airstrikes on Syria under the pretext of “preventing the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government”. From 2016 to 2019, the confirmed war-related civilian deaths amounted to 33,584 in Syria, and the number of Syrian civilians directly killed by the airstrikes reached 3,833, with half of them being women and children.
The website of the US’ Public Broadcasting Service reported on Nov 9, 2018, that the so-called “most accurate air strike in history” launched by the US on Raqqa killed 1,600 civilians. According to a survey conducted by the World Food Programme in April 2020, about onethird of Syrians faced food shortage, and 87 percent of Syrians had no deposits in their accounts.
Doctors of the World (Medecins du Monde/MdM) estimated that since the beginning of the Syrian War, about 15,000 Syrian doctors (about half of the country’s total) had fled the country, 6.5 million Syrian people had run away from their homes, and about five million Syrian people had wandered homeless around the world.
Apart from being directly involved in wars, the US has intervened directly or indirectly in other countries’ affairs by supporting proxy wars, inciting anti-government insurgencies, carrying out assassinations, providing weapons and ammunition, and training anti-government armed forces, which have caused serious harm to the social stability and public security of the relevant countries. As such activities are great in number and most of these have not been made public, it is hard to collect specific data regarding these.
2. The disastrous consequences of foreign wars launched by the US
Since the end of World War II, almost every US president has waged or intervened in foreign wars during their terms of office. The pretexts they used include: stopping the spread of communism, maintaining justice, stopping aggression, humanitarian intervention, combating terrorism, preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, protecting the safety of overseas US citizens, etc.
Among all these foreign wars, only one was waged as a counterattack in response to a direct terrorist attack on the US; the others were waged in a situation where the vital interests of the US were not directly affected. Unfortunately, even this singular “justifiable counterattack” was obviously an excessive display of defense.
Under the banner of eliminating the threat of al-Qaeda, the US military wantonly expanded the scope of the attack in the anti-terrorism war in accordance with the principle “better to kill by mistake than to miss out by accident”, resulting in a large number of civilian causalities in the war-affected areas and, despite using the relatively accurate drone strikes, the US military still did not succeed in reducing and mitigating the casualties of the innocent local people.
As for the procedures followed by the US to start aggressive wars against foreign countries, some were “legitimate procedures” that the US managed to obtain by manipulating the UN into authorizing these through the Security Council; more often, the US just set the Security Council aside and neglected the opposition of other countries, and even the opposition of its own allies, when willfully and arbitrarily launching an attack on an independent country. Some US foreign wars were initiated without the approval of the US Congress, which has the sole power to declare war for the country.
The US’ foreign wars have triggered various regional and international crises.
First of all, these wars have directly led to humanitarian disasters in the war-affected countries, such as personnel casualties, damage to facilities, production stagnation, and especially unnecessary civilian casualties.
In the war-affected areas, people died in their homes, markets, and streets, they were killed by bombs, bullets, improvised explosive devices, and drones, and they lost their lives during airstrikes launched by US forces, raids launched by their government forces, terrorist and extremist massacres, and domestic riots.
In November 2018, Brown University released a research study that showed the number of civilian deaths during the wars in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen were 43,074; 23,924; 184,382 to 207,156; 49,591; and 12,000, respectively, the number of journalists and media personnel who died at their posts during these wars, were 67; 8; 277; 75; and 31, respectively, and the number of humanitarian relief workers who were killed at their posts during these wars were 424; 97; 63; 185; and 38, respectively.
Such casualties are often understated by the US government. The Intercept website reported on Nov 19, 2018, that the actual civilian deaths in Iraq were far higher than the number officially released by the US military.
Second, the US’ foreign wars brought about a series of complex social problems, such as waves of refugees, social unrest, ecological crises, and psychological traumas.
Statistics show that each of the several recent US foreign wars created a larger number of refugees, such as the 11 million Afghan refugees, the 380,000 Pakistani refugees, the 3.25 million Iraqi refugees, and the 12.59 million Syrian refugees; these refugees have been forced to flee from their homes, of which 1.3 million Afghan refugees have fled to Pakistan, 900,000 Afghan refugees arrived in Iran, 3.5 million Iraqi and Syrian refugees fled to Turkey, and one million Iraqi and Syrian refugees fled to Iran.
In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan, the deaths and injuries caused by the lack of medical treatment, malnutrition, and environmental pollution have exceeded the casualties directly caused by the wars, with the former number being four times greater than the latter.
The uranium content per kilogram of soil in Basra, Iraq, rose sharply from less than 70 becquerels before 1991 to 10,000 becquerels in 2009, and the number was as high as 36,205 becquerels in the areas polluted by war remnants.
The website of the British newspaper The Guardian reported on Aug 22, 2016, that 30 percent of the babies born in Iraq in 2010 were born with some form of congenital anomaly, while this figure is around two to four percent under normal circumstances.
Third, the US’ foreign wars have often produced spillover effects, causing harm to the countries that were not involved in the wars. For example, in the Vietnam War, the US military spread the fighting to neighboring countries such as Cambodia and Laos on the excuse of blocking the “Ho Chi Minh Trail” (a military supply route that ran from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to South Vietnam), resulting in more than 500,000 unnecessary civilian casualties and leaving a large number of war remnants in those countries, which are still explosive.
When attacking terrorists in the Afghanistan War, the US aircraft and drones often dropped bombs on neighboring Pakistani villages, and even on wedding cars and Pakistani border guard soldiers. In an airstrike on Yugoslavia, the US forces even targeted the Chinese embassy, leading to the deaths of three Chinese journalists and injuries to a dozen embassy personnel.
Last but not least, even the US itself has fallen victim to the foreign wars it has started. According to statistics from the US Department of Veterans Affairs, there were 103,284 US soldiers who suffered physical injuries during the Korean War, and the number reached 153,303 for the Vietnam War.
Between 2001 and 2005, about one-third of the 103,788 veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were diagnosed with mental or psychological illness, and 56 percent of those diagnosed had more than one disease.
A study by the Congressional Research Service, which works exclusively for the US Congress, pointed out that more than 6,000 veterans committed suicide every year from 2008 to 2016.
The amount of economic compensation offered by the US military to the Korean War veterans reaches $2.8 billion per year, and the amount given to the Vietnam War veterans and their families is more than $22 billion per year. The cost of medical and disability care for the Afghanistan War veterans has exceeded $170 billion.
Business Insider, a US business and technology news website, reported in December 2019 that the Afghanistan war has led to the deaths of more than 3,800 US contractors, and this number far exceeds the relevant statistical result released by the US government and even the US military deaths in Afghanistan.
3. The major cause of the abovementioned humanitarian crises: The US’ hegemonic mentality
When reviewing the many aggressive wars launched by the US, it can be seen that many of these military actions have led to humanitarian crises. In Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and other countries where wars are still ongoing, accidental bombings and injuries still frequently occur, and refugees have nowhere to stay.
The infrastructure of these countries is crippled, and their national production is stagnant. The US launched these foreign wars under the pretext of “humanitarian intervention” or “human rights overriding sovereignty”, but why did these wars fought for humanitarian purposes turn into humanitarian disasters in the end?
In April 2011, the US-based magazine Foreign Policy summarized five reasons for the frequent foreign wars waged by the US, such as the military advantages of the US making it hard to resist the temptation to resort to force, and the checks and balances mechanism within the US failing to play an effective role, while excluding any reason related to the values of the US.
“To safeguard human rights” was not a clear driving force for the US’ foreign wars and that waging foreign wars was only a means to an end, although such an act did not exclude a sense of morality.
The US may feel an impulse to start a foreign war as long as it is considered necessary, believed to be in its own favor, and within its ability, while a sense of morality is not a sufficient or necessary condition to initiate such a war; and as for the terrible humanitarian disasters caused by these foreign wars, these will be borne by others instead of directly harming US citizens and preventing the US from reaching its goals.
Choosing to use force, irrespective of the consequences, reveals the hegemonic aspirations of the US, which propels the US to prioritize itself, demonstrates a “winnertake-all” mentality, and exposes its unilateral ideas of dominating the world, and wantonly doing injustice to other countries.
US politicians claim that they respect “universal values”, but do they agree that their own natural human rights are also natural for other people in the world?
The US has formulated laws to ensure equality among all its ethnic groups within the country, but does it really believe that people of other countries should enjoy the same rights? Or, does it think that it can act wantonly in foreign countries just because the people there do not have a vote in US elections?
The US believes that terrorist attacks targeting civilians within its territory are despicable and punishable, then what makes it accept that the incidents created by the US military in other countries, which have led to a large number of civilian deaths and injuries, are acceptable and even “necessary”?
When they adopt the principle “better to kill by mistake than to miss out by accident”, when they arbitrarily use radioactive weapons
and destroy all vegetation with toxic reagents, and when they open fire before clearly identifying the targets, do the US forces still respect the “natural” human rights treasured by the values of the US?
The civilians who were unable to flee their war-affected areas and were treated as terrorists and shot at randomly did not have any human rights. The children who have been disabled at birth by the chemical weapons of the US forces and will suffer for the rest of their lives do not have any human rights. The refugees who have been forced to flee their homes and become homeless in other countries because of the US’ foreign wars do not have any human rights.
In the final analysis, the mindset of solving disputes by taking unilateral military actions is questionable. Given the inherent antagonism between humanitarianism and hegemony, it is ridiculous to expect a hegemonic country to defend the human rights of other countries.
International disputes shall be settled through equal consultations within the framework of the UN. Coordinated efforts shall be actualized by regulating and improving international mechanisms and by establishing a community with a shared future for mankind.
Only by discarding the hegemonic thinking, which is chiefly motivated by self-interest, can we prevent “humanitarian intervention” from becoming humanitarian disasters. Only in this way can we achieve mutual benefits and win-win results and can all the people across the globe truly enjoy natural human rights.
Appendix:
1. List of civilian casualties, refugees, and economic losses caused by major wars of aggression waged by the US after the end of World War II
The Korean War: about 3 million civilian deaths and 3 million refugees;
The Vietnam War: about 2 million civilian deaths, 3 million refugees, and 3 million victims of defoliants;
The Airstrike on Libya: about 700 military and civilian deaths;
Invasion of Panama: about 302 civilian deaths and 3,000 civilian injuries;
The Armed Intervention in Somalia: about 200 civilian deaths and 300 civilian injuries;
The Gulf War: about 120,000 warrelated civilian deaths and 2 million sanction-related civilian deaths, and economic losses amounting to $600 billion;
The Kosovo War: more than 2,000 deaths and 6,000 injuries, and economic losses amounting to $200 billion;
The Afghanistan War: more than 30,000 civilian deaths, 70,000 civilian injuries, and 11 million refugees;
The Iraq War: about 200,000 to 50,000 civilian deaths and 3.25 million refugees;
The Syrian War: more than 40,000 civilian deaths and 12.59 million refugees.
2. List of wars of aggression waged by the US and the US’ interventions in foreign countries after the end of World War II
1947-1949: intervening in the Greek civil war
1947-1970: intervening in Italy’s elections and supporting anti-communism activities
1948: supporting the anti-government forces in Costa Rica’s civil war 1949-1953: supporting anti-communism activities in Albania 1949: intervening in the government change in Syria 1950-1953: waging the Korean War 1952: intervening in the Egyptian Revolution
1953: supporting a coup in Iran to overthrow the then Iranian government
1954: supporting the change of the then Guatemalan government 1956-1957: plotting a coup in Syria 1957-1959: supporting a coup in Indonesia
1958: creating a crisis in Lebanon 1960-1961: supporting a coup in the Congo
1960: stopping the government of Laos from starting a reform 1961: supporting the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba
1961-1975: supporting civil war and opium trade in Laos 1961-1964: supporting anti-government activities in Brazil
1963: supporting civil strife in Iraq 1963: supporting riots in Ecuador 1963-1975: fighting the Vietnam War 1964: intervening in the Simba rebellion in the Congo 1965-1966: intervening in Dominica’s civil war
1965-1967: supporting the Indonesian military government’s massacre of communists
1966: supporting an insurgency in Ghana
1966-1969: creating conflicts in the Demilitarized Zone, which is a region on the Korean peninsula that demarcates North Korea from South Korea 1966-1967: supporting an insurgency in Bolivia
1967: intervening in the change of the Greek government 1967-1975: intervening in Cambodia’s civil war
1970: intervening in Oman’s domestic affairs
1970-1973: supporting a military coup in Chile
1970-1973: supporting a coup in Cambodia
1971: supporting a coup in Bolivia 1972-1975: offering assistance to antigovernment forces in Iraq 1976: supporting a coup in Argentina 1976-1992: intervening in Angola’s domestic affairs
1977-1988: supporting a coup in Pakistan
1979-1993: supporting anti-government forces in Cambodia 1979-1989: intervening in the war in Afghanistan
1980-1989: financing the anti-government Solidarity trade union in Poland 1980-1992: intervening in El Salvador’s civil war
1981: confronting Libya in Gulf of Sidra
1981-1982: pushing for the change of the then Chadian government 1982-1984: participating in a multilateral intervention in Lebanon 1982-1989: supporting anti-government forces in Nicaragua 1983: invading Grenada
1986: invading Gulf of Sidra, Libya 1986: bombing Libya
1988: shooting down an Iranian airliner
1988: sending troops to Honduras 1989: confronting Libya in Tobruk 1989: intervening in the Philippines’ domestic affairs 1989-1990: invading Panama 1990-1991: waging the Gulf War 1991: intervening in Haiti’s elections 1991-2003: leading the enforcement action to establish a no-fly zone in Iraq
1992-1995: intervening in Somalia’s civil war for the first time 1992-1995: intervening in the Bosnian War
1994-1995: sending troops to Haiti 1996: supporting a coup in Iraq 1997: sending troops to Albania 1997: sending troops to Sierra Leone 1998-1999: waging the Kosovo War 1998: launching cruise missile attacks on Sudan and Afghanistan 1998-1999: sending troops to Kenya and Tanzania 2001-present: waging the Afghanistan War
2002: sending troops to Cote d’Ivoire 2003-2011: waging the Iraq War 2004-present: inciting wars between Pakistan and Afghanistan in their contiguous areas 2006-2007: supporting Fatah, a Palestinian political and military organization, in overthrowing the elected government of Hamas 2007-present: intervening in Somalia’s civil war for the second time 2009: supporting a coup in Honduras 2011: supporting anti-government forces in Libya