‘Father of hybrid rice’ remembered for his achievements
Agricultural scientist whose hybrid rice helped feed millions hailed as world hero
When a hearse drove out of Xiangya Hospital, which is affiliated to Central South University, in Changsha, Hunan province, at about 4 pm on May 22, people gathered on the roadside in the rain to see it off.
Drivers stopped their cars and sounded their horns to show respect, and people on both sides of the street cried out, “Grandpa Yuan, we wish you a peaceful life in another world.”
Yuan Longping, dubbed the “father of hybrid rice”, who died from multiple organ failure earlier that day at age 91, will long be remembered for his contribution to help feed the world.
The scientist was globally respected for his breakthroughs in developing the genetic materials and technologies essential for breeding high-yield hybrid rice varieties.
On behalf of President Xi Jinping, Xu Dazhe, secretary of the Communist Party of China Hunan Provincial Committee, made a special visit to Yuan’s family on May 23 and conveyed the president’s deep condolences for their loss.
Xi spoke highly of Yuan’s contributions to China’s food security, agricultural science and technology innovation, as well as global food development. He called on Party members and science and technology workers to learn from Yuan, emphasizing that the best way to memorialize the scientist is to learn from him.
Yuan was awarded the Medal of the Republic in September 2019, among the many honors he received at home and abroad. He was also an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and director of the China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center.
The generosity of Yuan, and other researchers, in making their breakthroughs available to the world has been profoundly important in efforts to end global hunger, said Barbara Stinson, president of the World Food Prize Foundation in the United States, which awarded Yuan the 2004 World Food Prize, the top international honor for people who have improved the quality, quantity or availability of food globally.
The United Nations said in a post on its Sina Weibo account on May 22 that Yuan made outstanding contributions to boosting food security, eradicating poverty and improving people’s livelihoods.
A daughter-in-law of Yuan, surnamed Gan, told Xinhua News Agency that Yuan did not leave any last words, but when he was still able to speak, he kept mentioning hybrid rice and hoped that his students would develop well and promote the crop.
On May 23, tens of thousands of people came to say goodbye to Yuan.
At the Xiangya Hospital main gate the previous day, in addition to numerous bouquets, people left three bunches of rice plants in memory of Yuan, who solved the problem of food for millions of people not only in China but around the world.
A funeral to bid farewell to Yuan was held in Changsha, Hunan province, on May 24, with President Xi Jinping among leaders sending wreaths and expressing condolences to Yuan’s family.
Thousands of people wearing black went to the Mingyangshan Funeral Home in the city for the funeral service to present bouquets and bunches of rice plants to honor Yuan.
Outside the funeral home, the influx of mourners caused a traffic gridlock several kilometers long, prompting many to leave their vehicles to walk to the funeral service. Some mourners arrived by train from other cities to pay their last respects.
Xinhua reported that in December, Yuan insisted on heading to the hybrid rice research base in Sanya, Hainan province, as he had done in recent years.
In March, he had a fall while working at the base and was taken to a local hospital before being transferred to Changsha for treatment in early April.
During his first few days in hospital, Yuan asked medical workers every day about the weather and the temperature.
One day, a nurse told him it was 28 degrees Celsius outside. Yuan was upset and worried that this would affect the maturity of the hybrid rice crop.
He began researching hybrid rice in 1964, succeeding in cultivating the world’s first high-yield hybrid rice strain in 1973. He continued to work in this field and made new breakthroughs.
In China, the annual planting area of hybrid rice now exceeds 16 million hectares, 57 percent of the total rice planting area, helping feed an extra 80 million people a year in a country where rice is a staple for most of the population, Xinhua reported.
In a statement released on May 22, the China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center said the annual growth area for this type of rice has reached 8 million hectares in countries including India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Brazil and the US, with each hectare on average producing about 2 metric tons more grain than local strains.
Born in 1930 in Beijing, and raised in an era of wars and famine, Yuan witnessed the despair of people displaced from their hometowns and losing the land they lived on.
When he applied for university, he decided to study agriculture, although his mother thought such work would be tough and exhausting.
In an article published in People’s Daily in 2019, Yuan wrote, “I was fond of agriculture and insisted on studying it at the time, telling my parents that having enough food was people’s upmost priority and that they couldn’t live without filling their stomach. Eventually, my parents were persuaded.”
After graduation, Yuan was assigned to teach at an agriculture school in a remote town in Huaihua, Hunan province. He was prepared to make contributions to the development of the country by spreading agricultural knowledge and techniques.
However, a few years later, from 1959-61, the nation experienced food shortages.
“That made me start to think that the development of our country relied greatly on food security and that I needed to work to let Chinese people have enough food,” he wrote.
Yuan’s research results have been used throughout the country since the mid-1970s, and have greatly increased national rice yields.
In the decades that followed, he led his team to conduct research on super hybrid rice, achieving goals of harvesting 10.5 tons, 12 tons, 13.5 tons and 15 tons of rice per hectare in 2000, 2004, 2011 and 2014, respectively.
In 2017, the average output of hybrid rice per hectare in China reached 7.5 tons, while globally it was 4.61 tons.
Yuan appears in the movie Yuan Longping, which premiered in 2009, talking with a foreign reporter about a dream he had.
“Several years ago, I had a dream. I saw my super hybrid rice plant as
high as sorghum, the panicle (clump) as large as a broom, and the grain as big as peanuts. I was very happy to rest under the panicle with my assistant,” Yuan said in English.
“As long as I live, I’ll never stop pursuing and dreaming about super hybrid rice.”
In recent years, Yuan and his team started to research a salt-tolerant crop, known as “sea rice”, with a research and development center being set up in Qingdao, Shandong province, in 2016.
Public data show that China has about 100 million hectares of salinealkali soil, and about one-fifth of this land can be developed and cultivated. Yuan believed if the land was covered with high-yielding sea rice, output prospects would be bright.
Developing hybrid rice to benefit people globally was another of Yuan’s lifelong pursuits. To realize this ambition, he was committed to promoting hybrid rice internationally for a long time.
To date, this rice has been planted in large areas of India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, the US, Brazil, Madagascar, among other countries.
According to a report by consultancy Future Market Insights, hybrid rice seeds are being cultivated on 4.5 million hectares of land in Asian riceproducing countries, excluding China.
In the 1980s, agricultural centers in the Philippines and Vietnam started collaborating with the International Rice Research Institute to develop hybrid rice varieties.
According to studies, hybrid rice outyielded existing inbred varieties by an average of 21 percent and 17 percent respectively in Vietnam and the Philippines.
The Philippines is a key location for joint research with China on hybrid rice varieties, thanks to the establishment of the Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural Technology.
Hybrid rice varieties are grown on more than 10 percent of arable land in the Philippines, boosting the country’s rice output by 2.4 million tons a year.
According to Philippine government statistics, this has helped feed 15 million people, or 14 percent of the country’s population, based on an annual per capita rice consumption of 160 kilograms.
In Vietnam, Chinese hybrid rice was introduced into the Red River Delta region in the 1990s. According to the Access to Seeds Index 2019 published by the World Benchmarking Alliance, Vietnam imports 70 percent to 80 percent of the formal seed used, including hybrid rice seed. China is the main supplier of hybrid rice seed to Vietnam.
Agricultural research institutes in Vietnam have also taken part in activities held by China in Southeast Asian countries, such as demonstrating and promoting tropical hybrid rice projects.
In 2015, Yuan visited Cambodia to promote hybrid rice, with the aim of planting 300,000 hectares of this crop in the country within three years, according to Xinhua.
When meeting with then-Cambodian deputy prime minister Yim Chhay Ly, Yuan said he was confident of increasing Cambodia’s rice output from three tons per hectare to 10 tons within three years.
Srean Pao, dean of the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Processing at the National University of Battambang in Cambodia, noted that three Chinese hybrid rice varieties had been brought to Battambang, from China’s Guangxi region, in 2011.
An experiment conducted on the growth and yield of the Chinese hybrid rice, compared to a local Cambodian inbred rice variety, showed that the “yield of the hybrid rice was 38 percent greater than (that of) the local inbred rice”, he said.
The hybrid rice would benefit people living in rural areas, and the poor, and its production would be good for the food processing industry, the agricultural scientist said, while adding that greater efforts were needed to promote farmer adaptation in Cambodia to ensure more economic benefits.
For more than a decade, the World Food Prize Foundation has placed young US agriculture students on Borlaug-Ruan International Internships at Yuan’s center in Changsha.
Stinson, the foundation’s president, said she expects the US-China cooperation program to resume in person, after having run it virtually since last year because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
“It’s my hope to continue this longstanding powerful relationship between the World Food Prize Foundation and many researchers and leaders in China,” she said, adding that the foundation considers the partnership “very much” a part of Yuan’s legacy.
President Emeritus of the World Food Prize Foundation, Kenneth M. Quinn, who knew Yuan for more than two decades, said he was told of the scientist’s death by a tourist agency staff member from Sanya, who sent him a WeChat message.
“With the passing of Professor Yuan Longping, China and the world have lost one of the greatest agricultural scientists on our planet, and I have lost a great friend,” Quinn said.
“I think, 100 years from now, people will still be talking about Yuan Longping in China and the rest of the world. That’s how significant his achievements were.”
Quinn, president of the foundation from 2000 to early last year, said that when Yuan visited Des Moines, Iowa, in the US for the 2004 World Food Prize, he went to the airport to pick him up.
“I was distracted by a call, and when I turned around, Professor Yuan was gone — he was surrounded by Chinese Americans who had all come to meet him as well.”
Quinn drew similarities between Yuan and Norman Borlaug, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work in global agriculture, and who created the World Food Prize. Quinn worked and made friends with both men.
“Like Doctor Borlaug, Professor Yuan was incredibly humble, never seeking fame or adulation, instead focusing only on hard work and results that could help eradicate poverty and lift people out of hunger,” Quinn said.
Yuan believed deeply in the power of science as a harvest multiplier.
Yuan was also a teacher, always ready to answer questions and to speak with young scientists and students, according to Quinn.
“The American high school student we sent to his research center each year always returned filled with knowledge and a deep desire to learn more,” he said.
Addressing a four-day US-China Agriculture Roundtable sponsored by the US Heartland China Association on March 23, Quinn referred to Yuan’s accomplishments to inspire participants.
In his statement, Quinn said, “Professor Yuan Longping, who was truly beloved in his country and by all of us who knew him, will be greatly missed.
“His legacy will provide inspiration to generations far into the future, in China and across the world.”