How healthy are they really?
Biden, Trump decide which medical results are released to public
In 2008, when Sen. John McCain was the oldest person to seek a first term in the White House, his campaign set out to reassure the public about his health. It let reporters examine 1,173 pages of handwritten notes, lab results and insurance documents, including details of the senator’s biopsies, his prostate exams and even the “very light tan freckling” on his buttocks. He was 71.
Today, President Joe Biden is 81 and his rival, Donald Trump, is 77, and many voters believe both men are too old for another term. Their doctors proclaim them fit to serve, but neither has agreed to throw open his medical charts to prove it.
Biden released a six-page summary of medical test results in February, but his doctor has refused to be interviewed by reporters, breaking from past practice.
Trump has revealed less than Biden; his last public note from his doctor, in November, was three paragraphs long. Neither man has sat for a comprehensive assessment of his mental fitness, a battery of tests often administered to people their age.
The long-standing truth about the U.S. political system is that presidents and presidential candidates choose what to test, what to ignore, how much medical information to release to the public and, in the end, what voters will know about their health and well-being.
But the election between the two oldest people to ever seek the presidency is challenging that notion. Not only are Biden and Trump failing to do anything extra to reassure Americans that they can lead well into their ninth decade of life, they are doing less than their predecessors
“You’ve got to take an exam to drive. These guys are taking the exam to be in the White House, where you have buttons you can push that might end the world.” — Rudolph Tanzi, a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School
in some important ways.
The New York Times sent five-page letters to the Trump campaign and the White House with detailed questions about the health of the candidates. The Trump campaign did not respond to the letter, which included questions on mental fitness, cardiac health and whether he has taken Ozempic to lose weight.
The White House directed questions about Biden’s health to his doctor’s summary of the president’s physical in February, which concluded that Biden was fit for duty.
“Joe Biden is proud to have been transparent with his health records as vice president, as a presidential candidate and as president,” said Andrew Bates, a White House spokesperson. “He believes all leaders owe that level of honesty to the American people.”
The Times’ questions about mental fitness, however, were not addressed in the summary.
“I don’t want to be ageist, and I would never make an armchair diagnosis, but I do think we need full-blown neuropsychological exams” for both candidates, said Rudolph Tanzi, a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School and the director of the McCance Center for Brain Health at Massachusetts General Hospital.
He was referring to a series of 33 tests known as the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery, which can detect dementia and other brain dysfunction.
“You’ve got to take an exam to drive,” Tanzi said. “These guys are taking the exam to be in the White House, where you have buttons you can push that might end the world.”
In interviews with a dozen of the country’s leading experts on aging, all described inexorable patterns that almost always accelerate after age 80. The body becomes more frail, more prone to damage and less likely to recover quickly. The risk of cognitive disease grows. Three percent of people ages 65-69 have been diagnosed with dementia; by age 90, it is 35%.
Questions about the age and health of the two candidates are coursing through the political debate. So far, the answers have not been forthcoming.
That means Americans are left to judge their fitness for office in what experts on aging say is the worst possible way: from afar, largely based on snippets of their public appearances — the good and the bad.
The unknowns about Biden
The president has a common retort for anyone who expresses concern about his age and mental fitness: “Watch me.”
His aides have said he works out regularly, lifting weights some mornings and exercising on a Peloton. Last month, he delivered a forceful, energetic State of the Union address. And for the past few weeks, he has crisscrossed the country to give speeches and collect campaign cash at a pace that might exhaust any candidate, of any age.
But other appearances are enormously damaging.
At an exclusive New York fundraiser last summer, he recounted the racial violence in Charlottesville, Virginia, that inspired him to run for president in 2020. Minutes later, he told the same story again, practically word for word, drawing concerned glances from the crowd.
“I know I look like I’m 30,” Biden later joked to tepid laughter in the room. “I’ve been around doing this a long time.”
In February, the special counsel investigating Biden’s handling of classified documents described him as an elderly man with “diminished faculties.” The report, by prosecutor Robert Hur, enraged Biden and his allies, who said it painted a wildly inaccurate picture.
A New York Times review of the transcript of the interview, which stretched over two days in October as Biden was responding to the Hamas attack on Israel, found that he was clear and cogent through most of the questioning, fumbling only on occasion with dates and the sequence of events.
All of the doctors interviewed for this story said it is difficult, if not impossible, to diagnose someone based on isolated moments or observations. They said stress, a lack of sleep or multitasking — rather than any mental decline — could lead to flubs.
“Those things are real, OK? But they’re not telling you if he can make a decision or not,” said Dr. Nir Barzilai, the director of the Institute for Aging Research at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
During Biden’s physical, his physician and a team of specialists chose not to conduct the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery or a similar comprehensive assessment of his mental fitness.
The doctor decided there was no need for such a test because Biden regularly demonstrated what the medical team considered high-level executive functioning, according to people familiar with the decision.
One person on Biden’s team put it this way: After the president navigates hours of complicated foreign policy meetings during grueling trips overseas, it would be pointless to have him sit for a test asking which picture is of a lion and which is of a rhinoceros.
Dr. Sayed Azizi, the clinical chief of behavioral neurology and memory disorders at Yale University, said exams that go well beyond those kinds of simple questions are common in some fields after a certain age.
“Oftentimes, even in medicine, physicians who are over age 70 or so, they have to yearly go to the doctor and either take those tests or not, or somebody has to certify them that they’re OK to practice medicine,” he said. “Most hospitals have that.”
The White House contends that the details released by Dr. Kevin O’Connor, Biden’s physician, are sufficient and several past presidential doctors have chosen not to address reporters in the White House briefing room. O’Connor said an “extremely detailed” exam yielded no findings that would be consistent with neurological disorders such as a stroke, multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease.
He said Biden’s noticeably stiffer walk was the result of arthritis of the spine, pain in his hip and peripheral neuropathy, a condition defined by a loss of sensation in his feet.
O’Connor’s summary also included the results of common blood tests, medications being taken and a discussion of the president’s struggle with sleep apnea. But O’Connor has not provided any supporting documents.
The biggest omission, according to medical experts, was the lack of cognitive testing. Tanzi said such tests should be administered to any presidential candidate age 50 or older, by doctors who do not have any political or personal allegiance to them.
“It has to be an independent assessment,” he said. “That’s absolutely essential.”
The unknowns about Trump
Even by the standards of previous candidates — and in contrast to Biden — the information Trump has provided about his own health has been exceptionally opaque.
In his letter in November, Dr. Bruce Aronwald said Trump’s “cognitive exams were exceptional.”
But he did not say what kinds of tests the former president had been given. He did not provide the results of any blood work. He did not say what medicine Trump is taking. He did not explain what cognitive exams the former president took, when he took them or what the specific results were.
Trump, who is running for president while defending himself against dozens of felony counts, regularly talks about his stamina and vitality. He holds lengthy and bombastic rallies, often staying onstage for more than an hour.
But he has also had a series of gaffes.
During a campaign speech in New Hampshire in January, he confused Nikki Haley, his Republican opponent, for former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.
He has claimed he defeated former President Barack Obama in 2016, when he ran against Hillary Clinton.
Recently, during a news conference, he seemed to confuse Gov. Kathy Hochul of New York with the state’s former Gov. Andrew Cuomo, who has not held that office since 2021.
Fred Trump, the former president’s father, developed Alzheimer’s in his mid-80s. Those who study the disease say Trump’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s, already higher because of his age, increases by about 30% because of his father’s diagnosis.
Because of the absence of information Trump’s campaign has released, it is also difficult to know whether the former president’s risk of other health issues has increased in recent years.
When Trump was president, his weight, history of high cholesterol and lack of exercise put him at higher risk of developing cardiac disease that could lead to a heart attack or stroke, according to a letter released by his doctor in 2018.
In 2018, Trump’s doctor said he was 239 pounds, just 1 pound shy of the medical definition of obesity for his height and age. Last year, when he was booked at the Fulton County jail in Georgia, he listed his weight at 215 pounds — a figure that many critics called into question.
Much of the public information about his health has been riddled with exaggerations.
After Trump announced his candidacy in 2015, his doctor, Harold Bornstein, a gastroenterologist from New York, wrote that “if elected, Mr. Trump, I can state unequivocally, will be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency.”
The doctor later admitted that Trump dictated the line, adding “I just made it up as I went along.”