What scientist know about risk breakthrough COVID deaths
The death of former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell on Monday from complications of COVID-19 has provided fuel for vaccine skeptics and opponents, who immediately seized on the news that Powell had been vaccinated to stoke doubts about the effectiveness of the vaccines.
But Powell’s immune system had quite likely been weak e ned by multiple myeloma, a cancer of white blood cells. Both the disease and the treatment can make people more susceptible to infections.
His age, 84, may also have increased his risk, scientists said.
Powell received his second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in Febru- ary, said Peggy Cifrino, his longtime aide. He had been scheduled for a booster last week but fell ill before he received it, she said.
Powell had also undergone treatment for early-stage Parkinson’s disease, she said.
Although Powell’s death is a high-profile tragedy, scientists emphasized that it should not undermine confi- dence in the COVID vaccines, which drastically reduce the odds of severe disease and death.
“Nothing is 100% effective,” said Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Edu- cation Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. “The point of getting a vac- cine is that you want to know that the benefits clearly and definitively outweigh the risks. And we know that for this vaccine.”
The vaccines are highly effective, even against the more contagious delta vari- ant, which is now responsible for nearly all coronavirus infections in the United States. People who are fully vaccinated are roughly onetenth as likely to be hospital- ized and even less likely to die from COVID than those who are unvaccinated, according to a recent study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
A New York Times anal- ysis of data from 40 states found that fully vaccinated people have accounted for 0.2% to 6% of COVID deaths.
Among the more than 187 million Americans who have been fully vaccinated, there have been 7,178 deaths, according to the CDC. Eightyfive percent of those deaths have been in people 65 or older.
“Breakthrough deaths with vaccinated individuals do occur,” said Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. “But there are certain groups that are at greater risk.”
Since the beginning of the pandemic, it has been clear that older adults are the most likely to develop severe COVID. They also have less robust immune systems in general and mount a weaker immune response to the vaccines.
In one recent study, which has not yet been reviewed by experts, researchers found that residents of Canadian long-term care homes, who had a median age of 88, produced levels of neutralizing antibodies roughly fivefold to sixfold lower after vaccina- tion than did staff members, who had a median age of 47.
“This puts them at risk for not only getting infected by COVID but also having severe consequences,” said Anne- Claude Gingras, a senior investigator at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto and lead author of the study.
Powell had also under- gone treatment for multi- ple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell. Plasma cells make antibodies and thus play a critical role in the immune system.
Both the disease and the treatm nt — which may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy and steroids — can leave patients more vul- nerable to infections.
“Colin was undergoing treatment for multiple myeloma but seemed to be responding well,” Kathy Giusti, who founded the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation and met Powell when he spoke at a founda- tion event, said in a state- ment. “Immunosuppression is a well-known side effect of cancer treatment and a reminder that as patients, we are at high risk, especially if also over 65 years of age.”
Vaccines are also likely to be less effective in people with multiple myeloma.
“The treatments we’re using are indiscriminately knocking off both the malig- nant and the normal immune cells,” said Dr. James Berenson, medical and scientific director of the Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research in West Hollywood, California.
That puts patients “at double risk for getting no response to a vaccination and also not responding as well once they get the disease,” he added.
In a new study, which was scheduled to appear Monday in the journal Cancer Cell, researchers report that some people with multiple myeloma also have weak T cell responses after vaccina- tion. T cells can help reduce the severity of disease in people who contract the virus.
The study included 44 peo- ple with multiple myeloma who were at least two weeks past their second Pfizer or Moderna shot. Seventeen of those people produced no detectable antibodies against the virus after vaccination. These patients had signifi- cantly fewer helper T cells, which activate other parts of the immune response, to the virus compared with multiple myeloma patients who had produced antibod- ies after vaccination.