Organic No-Till
biologically practical and mechanically possible, farmers now have the option to utilize organic no-till on their farms.
Biologically practical and mechanically possible, farmers now have the option to utilize organic no-till on their farms.
When my wife and I moved our family back to Kentucky to start a sustainable farming operation in the wild and rugged outskirts of Franklin County, our plan was simple: We’d raise chickens, pigs and cattle on pasture, and a large market garden would supply us (and, eventually — hopefully — our neighbors) with fresh, organically raised produce.
We ended up doing much of this, raising meat and layer chickens, establishing a pork-breeding program and, for a while, caring for a pair of black Dexter cows. But before any of that, and within days of moving into a Civil Warera farmhouse, we mapped a 10,000-square-foot piece of grass behind the house, pulled out the tiller and proceeded to tear things up.
Breaking the earth on our farm felt like the new beginning we sought. Tilling is what farmers do. But our soil was clayey and difficult, and when heavy rains washed what little topsoil we did have down our gently sloping land, the garden bed pooled rainwater. Then the mud dried to a cracked surface, putting a serious damper on our market-garden aspirations.
“You Can’t Do Both”
Soil erosion, it turns out, is a hot topic in Kentucky, a place of rolling hills where flat land is in short supply and priced out of reach of most beginner farmers. Couple that with the increasing frequency of heavy rains and the state’s rich tilling history, and you can see why soil conservationists are growing panicky at the prospect of the Commonwealth’s dirt washing clean away.
Though our little piece of land was small potatoes compared to the sprawling soybean and corn farms down the road, it was important to us and our goals, so we ventured into town, to the local land grant university’s test farm, for a presentation on no-till farming.
The first speaker showed a drawing of two farms, one on top of a hill (like ours) and one in the valley at the bottom, and explained that when the hilltop farmer tilled the land, rain and gravity carried it to the farm in the valley. This, he said, was in essence the crux of the soil erosion problem. Another speaker explained how soil erosion threatened to clog waterways when the dirt migrated to streams and creeks. And a third speaker, a representative from the Department of Natural Resources, showed us a series of demonstration models and a plot of field peas that had been drilled into untilled soil. Then, nearing the end of the day’s events, the third speaker opened things up to questions.
“So what will you do with the field after it’s harvested?” asked a woman in the front row.
“It will be sprayed with glyphosate,” the speaker said. A collective groan arose from the crowd, and the speaker bristled, acknowledging the popularity of organic farming but assuring us that the dire condition of our state’s erosion crisis was the issue most needful of our focus. When asked if there was such a thing as organic no-till, he shook his head. “You can’t do both,” he said. “And you can’t grow anything without soil.”
the trouBle With tilling
Agriculture is widely believed to be about 13,000 years old, with cultivated rye fields in the Near East serving as earliest examples, and ancient Egyptian cave drawings illustrate that tillage by hand, hoe or plows has been with us awhile, too. So turning and aerating the soil is no new idea, though today it’s most commonly accomplished with plows or disks. And it’s become the de facto field-prep technique because it works; tillage breaks up compacted soil, controls competition from weeds and makes planting a whole lot easier.
The downside, though, is all that topsoil washing down to the valley farmer’s land (erosion), as well as compromised soil structure (it breaks up underground fungal networks), release of carbon dioxide and, unless you’re hand-tilling or working with draft animals, a dependency on fossil fuels. Over time, erosion became pretty noticeable in some agricultural communities (Dust Bowl anyone?), so, in the 1960s, with new herbicides hitting the market and the development of seed drilling implements, no-till farming experienced a surge in interest as farmers used synthetic chemicals to kill cover crops, then drilled seeds directly into the soil. Monsanto’s release of glyphosate in 1974 under the brand name RoundUp made the herbicide a standard for no-till farming.
Glyphosate may not have carried the stigma it does today, but neither was it popular with back-to-thelanders or organic farmers, whose concern about soil erosion got trumped by an aversion to synthetic-chemical herbicides. But in the 1980s, there was a push for organic no-till options, and researchers discovered that certain winter annual cover crops, such as hairy vetch and cereal rye, could be cut close to the ground at a very specific stage with minimal regrowth — meaning that farmers could mow, drill and expect their crops to grow through the weed-suppressing mulch. Organic farmers heralded the finding, but inconsistent results in terms of weed suppression and crop yields slowed the roll on an organic no-till takeover.
But, over the years, researchers kept trying to develop tools and systems to make organic no-till a viable alternative, and, in the mid-2000s, the Rodale Institute, a nonprofit organic farming research institution in Pennsylvania, released building plans for a no-till roller crimper implement developed through their No-Till Project.
“We conceptualized and developed the roller crimper at Rodale Institute to allow organic farmers to make use of modern no-till planting equipment,” says Rodale Institute Executive Director Jeff Moyer. “Cover crops can be terminated mechanically without the use of any chemical inputs. By using cover crops and a roller crimper, any farmer can begin to build soil health.
“Now we have a system that is not only biologically practical, but mechanically possible. Farmers have the option to utilize organic no-till on whatever size farm they have and are not faced with a decision between
utilizing no-till methods that protect the soil and limiting their synthetic inputs.”
SCale it DoWn
Small-scale and hobby farmers don’t necessarily need to buy or build a massive implement but, like us standing in our eroding market-garden bed, seek proven methods to grow food without tillage. That was Jesse and Hannah Frost last year, when they decided to return to no-till growing methods on their 3⁄4- acre market garden, Rough Draft Farmstead, in Anderson County,
Kentucky, after initially abandoning the idea due to economical returns.
“We started to see more farmers doing no-till, and that revived our interest in starting our own no-till system,” Jesse says, who is also a frequent contributor to Hobby Farms. “Generally, no-till is relegated to either backyards or giant grain operations, so we needed something that fit in the 1-acre scale.”
Their search led them to examples such as Singing Frogs farm in California and Tobacco Road Farm in Connecticut, both no-till vegetable farms on small plots of land. “Our primary system is more of a deep compost mulch system, where we’re laying down layers of compost and planting into that,” he says.
“It keeps the soil covered, keeps it warm in the spring; it’s a very simple system.”
Down the road in Frankfort, Connie Lemley and Andy McDonald practice minimal tillage at Cedar Ring Greens using a flail mower and black-plastic method championed by The Market Gardener author, JeanMartin Fortier. “When a bed’s done, we’ll mow them with a flail mower, then we put the black plastic on them for four to eight weeks,” Lemley says. “Then we’ll be able to just rake off the residue and plant again.”
“The black plastic is helpful for a variety of reasons,” McDonald says. “It keeps it from getting waterlogged if it rains too much, and it keeps it from drying out, too. So the soil has a really nice texture and moisture content when we take the plastic off and are ready to plant. It prevents the weeds from growing and kind of kills what’s there. Last year, there were brassicas — things like kale and collards — then we put a cover crop overwinter.”
Lemley and McDonald employ a mulching method, too, placing wood chips in paths between rows for four years, then applying the broken-down chips to a bed. But for both of them, the flail mower, attached to a walk-behind tractor, is the star of their reduced-tillage methods. “The flail mower is actually perfect,” McDonald says. “Really, it is amazing,” Lemley says. “When a cover crop is this tall, it’ll go right through it and turn it into beautiful mulch.”
get StarteD With no-till
So you can have your cake and eat it, too, with organic no-till methods proven and practiced on smaller farms across the country. You can build active soil, preserving healthy worm communities and fungal networks, all while growing hyperlocal vegetables on land untouched by synthetic chemicals.
But if you’re a market farmer or reliant on a large garden for self-sustenance, the notion of selling your tiller and going no-till is, undoubtedly, pretty scary. If you’d like to give it a go, consider starting small; if you have some land to spare, start a no-till garden bed in which you can grow something as an experiment, or maybe till a little less space, reserving a part of your bed for no-till growing. No-till is a noble pursuit, but growing your own food in any manner is always the most important aim.
You’re going to want to start early, so pick your plot in fall, remove debris and large rocks, then mow it down. You probably don’t have a walk-behind flail mower, but you won’t need one for small spaces; you’re just cutting grass and weeds down to the ground, and even a reel mower can get the job done. Next, you need to get something on top of the freshly mowed land to kill off grass and weeds; plants need sunlight to live, so stopping photosynthesis is the game plan here. Mulch (or compost, manure or straw used as mulch) is great because you can plant right into it, but black plastic or fabric will, when removed, reveal beautiful exposed soil after a few months. If you’re really concerned about weeds, put down wetted cardboard before you cover the plot.
Once you’ve got plants in the ground, you should aim to always be growing something in that spot. When warm-weather plants stop fruiting, cut them down at ground level (leaving roots in the dirt promotes soil health) and put your cool-weather starts into the dirt. Leaving beds empty for any amount of time presents windows of opportunity for weeds to move in, so keep your beds working with a constant supply of plants.
And refresh beds with diverse plants, too; the variety will improve the soil as well as discourage plant-specific pests from setting up shop.
But what about the winter months? Brassicas such as kale and broccoli, as well as spinach and lettuce can grow through most if not all of the cold months, especially if you use cold frames to keep frost off. But if keeping a bed planted over winter isn’t possible, pull out any weeds and cover the ground with fabric, black plastic or mulch so that, when it comes time to plant again, you’ll have healthy, weed- and grass-free dirt awaiting your starts. Then, sell your tiller, because you’ll have gone no-till.