Regenerative Agriculture
Let your livestock help improve your cropland and pastures.
Let your livestock help improve your cropland and pastures.
Many crop and pasturelands are now depleted of soil nutrients due to continuous cropping or grazing over the past decades, without adding much organic matter back into the soil. Learning about holistic management, soil biology and the importance of soil health has helped many farmers and ranchers regain productivity on their land without the expensive inputs of inorganic fertilizers. There are various things a farmer can do to add more nutrients to the soil and improve plant health and vigor. Among these are rotational grazing, using cover crops for grazing, putting larger groups of animals into smaller areas (utilizing portable electric fencing to divide pastures) for shorter times and providing longer rest/recovery time for pastures after short use.
When livestock are crowded together, spending a short time in each new small pasture, they graze competitively and less selectively. They eat a little bit on every plant rather than overgrazing their favorite plants. They also leave a lot of manure and urine in each small area, which adds nutrients to the soil. They also trample what’s left, creating litter that adds even more organic matter to the soil.
Many old-time farmers knew the value of having animal impact on the land. Before the advent of commercial fertilizer, farmers rotated livestock with their crops to keep the soil fertile and more productive for the next crops.
Whether you are raising crops or livestock, optimum soil health depends on five main principles.
ONE: Create soil armor by keeping the soil covered, with no bare ground.
TWO: Minimize soil disturbance by utilizing reduced/no till practices on cropland and adaptive grazing strategies on grazing lands.
THREE: Increase plant diversity; rotate crops and include warm- and cool-season grasses and forbs in pastures.
FOUR: Keep living roots in the ground all year.
FIVE: Integrate livestock grazing.
Managing for soil health is a new idea for most people, though some folks would say that we are simply going back to an earlier type of agriculture. In recent decades, we’ve focused on managing the aboveground production on the land but haven’t paid enough attention to what’s happening belowground.
Even though some people have been doing soil tests, these tests generally only address the physical and chemical aspect of soils, the pH, soil structure, soil texture, etc. These are important, but probably the most important and critical component has been ignored. The soil’s biological activity is the key component for health.
ARMORED SOIL & MINIMIZING DISTURBANCE
Soil armor is a new term to most folks. It just means that we should never have bare ground. In most cases, this can be accomplished by always having some forage or crop residue. Bare ground is detrimental to soil health because soil organic matter is lost. Carbon escapes, soil temperature may increase to a level that limits biological activity and we no longer have the right combination of microbes.
Many soils today don’t have enough organic matter. The carbon in organic matter provides food for soil organisms. If we keep plowing, we keep releasing the carbon. Reduced tillage in cropping systems can help keep a cover on the soil, and providing adequate recovery time for pastures — along with never grazing them down too short — ensures plenty of litter and protection against bare ground and erosion.
When livestock overgraze and the plants are short or some are dying and leaving bare ground, there isn’t enough vegetation to hold moisture when it rains, and it runs off. Land that is well covered with a variety of vegetation has much more holding capacity and absorbs water like a sponge.
DIVERSE FORAGE & LIVING ROOTS
For many years, farmers and ranchers have been planting monocultures in their crops or pastures, instead of a variety of plant species. Even in a pasture mix there may be only two or three species of grass and maybe one legume. Increasing the plant diversity aboveground provides a more balanced diet for livestock and allows for a more diverse and thriving underground community. Specific soil microbes require specific plant types; the more diverse the microbial population in the soil is, the better the forage will respond, with increased vigor and production.
When a pasture includes grasses, forbs and legumes, it uses less water than a monoculture and produces more biomass. If there’s a mix of warm- and cool-season grasses and some forbs, there is almost always something green and growing in its favored season, providing a nutritious diet for livestock and extending the grazing season.
Legumes in the mix provide natural fertilizer for the grasses and have the ability to take nitrogen from the air, due to their symbiotic relationship with rhizobium bacteria. Diverse cover crops that include legumes can be planted in the fall and facilitate carbon and nutrient cycling through a time period when a pasture is normally dormant.
Diverse forage species can keep living roots in the ground year-round. Soils are most productive when the soil microbes have access to living plant material. A living root provides a food source for beneficial soil bacteria and the symbiotic relationships between plant
roots and mycorrhizal fungi continue to occur. These unique fungi build an association with plant roots that increases the plant’s ability to collect and store water and nutrients throughout the soil profile. In return, the fungus receives sugars from the plant. When these fungi are present, it’s a clue that the plants and soil are healthy.
When we are able to promote and maintain biodiversity on our land, we have a healthier ecosystem that is more resilient to drought and other environmental challenges. Ground that is covered with a variety of plants creates a canopy of taller plants that shades the ground and the shorter plants. The ground temperature stays cooler and the understory of plants stays greener. Every drop of rainfall is captured and can soak into the ground instead of running off or creating erosion. In a dry year, the stockman with biodiversity in his/her pastures will have more forage, and on a wet year, less damage from flooding. Native pastures are very resilient because of their diversity, and a polyculture is the most efficient user of water.
ADAPTIVE GRAZING MANAGEMENT
Adaptive grazing is a holistic management strategy that enables us to utilize one of our best land management tools (livestock) more effectively. The goal is to mimic natural grazing; wild grazers move in large herds over the landscape, eating down certain areas — leaving plenty of urine/manure “fertilizer” and trampling
what they don’t eat — then move on and don’t return until the forage has fully recovered. This type of animal impact increases soil health and function.
Adaptive grazing includes several methods, which include management intensive grazing (MIG), rotational grazing and ultrahigh stock density grazing (also called mob grazing). These systems are based on how the plants need to be grazed and/or to meet the nutritional requirements for the grazing animals.
It’s called adaptive grazing because there are no set rules for pasture use; the timing and stocking rate change with the season and the year — weather and growing conditions, etc. — depending on the needs of the plants. The stockman uses the grazing animals to improve manure distribution, reduce plant selectivity during grazing, increase plant diversity and improve soil function.
Good grazing management entails managing for certain residual stubble heights on key grazing species and proper grazing distribution. The most important key to any grazing system is the amount of rest you give the plant, allowing it to fully grow back before it’s grazed again. If a person can avoid season-long grazing on pasture, breaking it up into segments and using it rotationally, plant health and productivity is always improved.
Rotational grazing concentrates animals on a smaller area where their urine and manure naturally fertilize the soil. This also gives other areas a chance to regrow. This increases the amount of rest for each pasture and improves over-all grazing distribution, to uniformly graze.
Instead of overgrazing favorite plants and leaving some of the others, livestock in this situation tend to eat all the plants, utilizing more total forage biomass. This works even more effectively with multi-species grazing, such as cattle and sheep, because they tend to prefer different plants and more uniformly utilize a pasture.
Rotational livestock grazing is the simplest and least expensive way to improve soil and forage production, whether it’s just a few acres or several thousand. All it takes is periodically opening and shutting gates or moving a portable electric fence.
Grazing is preferable to making hay. To produce a good crop of hay, most people add fertilizer every year. The plants utilize the fertilizer, then the hay is cut and removed from the field — constantly removing soil nutrients. By contrast, when you graze the forage, you are recycling about 90% of those nutrients back into the ground.
Heather Smith Thomas raises cattle and horses in the mountains of eastern Idaho and writes for many farm and horse publications. Her latest books include Cow Tales: More true stories from an Idaho ranch; and Ranch Tales: Stories of dogs, cats & other crazy critters.