Chicken Bits & Tips
There’s a lot to know about chickens whether you’ve raised them for years or you’re a chicken-keeping newbie.
There’s a lot to know about chickens beyond the basics.
No matter what you want from chickens, there’s a breed just right for you. The American Poultry Association recognizes more than 50 breeds of large-fowl chickens and more than 60 bantam breeds. The American Bantam Association sanctions more than 65 breeds in more than 400 color varieties. These encompass prolific layers, meaty fryers and roasters, dual-purpose birds, and gorgeous ornamentals that flourish in the far North, the Deep South, free-range or in confinement. Whatever you want in a chicken, there’s bound to be a breed out there for you. You can help preserve an important part of agricultural history by raising heritage chicken breeds, and The Livestock Conservancy (www.livestockconservancy.org) will help you do it. Visit its Heritage Chicken pages to access descriptions including the history of more than 50 breeds, a heritage chicken FAQ, a downloadable breed comparison chart and a complete Heritage Chicken Manual in PDF format.
Let’s take a look at some interesting facts about chicken keeping.
In the Coop
You don’t need a fancy coop to keep chickens. Wonderful, functional coops can be built using recycled materials such as pallets and reused lumber or galvanized barn siding to name a few. Children’s playhouses, storage sheds, pig-size Quonset huts, large culverts and even old cars can house chickens, while fenced-in trampolines make outstanding chicken runs.
The important thing is to make certain they provide what chickens need: 3 to 5 square feet of floor space per bird depending on size and whether the chickens get outdoors to exercise; 8 to 12 inches of roosting bar per chicken, and a nesting box for every three hens.
Coops designed with human comfort in mind should be tall enough for an adult to stand up inside them, a boon at egg-gathering and coop-cleaning time. Allow 8 to 10 feet of space per bird for a fenced, outdoor run.
Breed About It
Some breeds do better than others as urban or suburban chickens. Shy, noisy breeds that dislike handling, resist confinement and are strong fliers are best avoided. Quiet, sensible, productive layers include Australorps, Brahmas, Cochins, Delawares, Easter Eggers, Orpingtons, Plymouth Rocks, Sex-Links, Sussex and Wyandottes. Araucanas, Dorkings, Faverolles and Silkies appeal to folks who like calm chickens but something a tad unusual.
Cock-a-doodle-do
Roosters don’t crow just at dawn. Japanese researchers Tsuyoshi Shimmura and Takashi Yoshimura discovered that roosters have an internal circadian rhythm clock of 23.8 hours, which causes them to start crowing at roughly the same time every morning, sometimes up to an hour or more before sunrise. If more than one rooster is present, the lead rooster crows first and then his subordinates chime in.
Roosters also crow to alert flock members to danger and to announce their supremacy, especially if there are additional roosters in the flock or if they can hear roosters crowing off in the distance. Although a rooster crowing outside your bedroom sounds very loud indeed, a typical crow registers 90 decibels, about the same as a barking dog.
On the Poop Deck
Chickens poop — a lot. According to the University of Hawaii, one chicken produces about one-third of a pound of manure per day or roughly 8 to 11 pounds per month, and 130 pounds in a year, depending on the size and type of chicken and what it eats.
Fresh chicken manure is 76% water and weighs slightly less than two times the weight of the feed consumed. Fresh chicken manure is high in nitrogen so it’s “hot.” It must be aged or composted before it’s used in the garden; putting it on fresh will kill or stunt plants.
Predator Patrol
Everything likes to eat chickens. If chickens freerange, make certain there is plenty of cover to hide them from flying predators; this is where a good rooster to sound the alarm comes in handy. Many predators easily tear classic chicken wire, so fences should be made of stronger stuff. Make sure chickens go to their coop at night or that they’re a flying breed that can roost in trees. A livestock guardian dog can pay its way where heavy predation is an ongoing problem.
Be Lawful
To avoid aggravation and costly fines, consult your state egg laws before selling eggs. Your county extension agent or someone at your state university’s poultry department can advise you or check the National Egg Regularly Office’s guide at Egg Laws by State (https://bit. ly/2SRMzp9).
Smart Birds
Chickens are smart. Researcher Lisa Marino says that a single chicken can recognize up to 100 individual chickens and can even recognize different humans. Marino writes about this in her paper “Thinking Chickens: A Literature Review of Cognition, Emotion and Behavior in the Domestic Chicken” (January 2017, Animal Cognition).
In some studies, she says, chickens refused food when they knew they’d get more later if they did, and they even learned to do basic math as objects were moved to and fro. Chickens were also able to remember the trajectory of a hidden ball for up to 180 seconds, the same as most primates under similar conditions.
If we show someone an object, then take it away, that person knows that the object still exists, somewhere. He or she may try to find out where it is hidden. Chickens do this, too. Human infants aren’t able to do this until they’re 18 to 24 months old. Marino also found that chickens perceive time intervals and can anticipate future events; they watch and
learn from each other; and their communication is complex, consisting of a large repertoire of visual displays and at least 24 distinct vocalizations.
ClICker trAInInG
If you’re thinking of clicker training your dog, horse or goat, practice with a chicken. When operant conditioning pioneers Bob and Marian Bailey offered training camps, their students worked with chickens. Why chickens? Chickens are intelligent and move very quickly, so with chickens, the timing of click and reward is especially important.
The Baileys’ students taught chickens to run obstacle courses, differentiate between colors and shapes, and even peck out tunes on children’s toy pianos and xylophones. Many clicker trainers still use chickens in their workshops and training programs.
You’re So tAme
It’s easy to tame chickens if you start with chicks. Wash and dry your hands and then gently cradle tiny chicks in your cupped palms. Science tells us that chicks imprint on objects with heads and eyes, so hold them so they can see your face, taking care that they don’t hop out of your hands and get hurt. Do this often.
Move slowly when picking them up; don’t scare them. Feed them special treats like mealworms and cut-up raisins from your hands. Sit on the floor and let a few chicks run around and climb on you. They’ll grow up knowing you’re a friend.
whAt the peCk?
The term “pecking order” was coined by Norwegian zoologist and chicken enthusiast Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe in 1921. Every bird in a flock has a place in the pecking order. At the top of the hierarchy is the head rooster — or head hen if no rooster is present. That bird gets first dibs at feed, roosting space or anything else it wants and it can peck or bully any other chicken in the flock.
The second chicken in the hierarchy can do the same to any other flock member except the highest ranking bird, and so on down the ladder to a downtrodden chicken on the bottom who can peck and bully no one and is last to eat and drink. There is nothing gentle about the pecking order, but it helps ensure the survival of the flock by giving the highest chances to the fittest birds.
A few Good YeArS
A typical hen lays well for about two or three years. After that, her production drops by roughly 20 percent per year until she stops laying altogether, though she might still live for a very long time. Consider Matilda, a 16-year-old Old English Game hen who won a Guinness World Record for the oldest living chicken. Well-cared-for chickens often live into their teens.
fAll BreAk
Most chickens don’t lay eggs year round. As autumn days grow shorter, a hen’s annual molt begins and her egg production plummets. A few breeds such as Buckeyes, Chanteclers, Dominiques, Dorkings, New Hampshires, Faverolles, Rhode Island Reds, Sussex and Wyandottes are noted for wintertime egg production, as are some sex-link hybrids. Placing a light in the coop for 14 hours a day can help keep hens producing, but for the most part, their bodies need an annual rest and wisely take a break from laying over winter.
Show tIme!
Show your chickens. If you’re young enough to participate in 4-H or FFA, join and exhibit your birds at the county fair. And if you’re too old for club shows, go to the fair anyway. You’ll find classes for specific breeds, layers, meat birds and maybe even a rooster crowing contest.
BuY A BroodY
If an incubator is beyond your means or you simply prefer nature’s way, buy a few hens of a productive, broody breed and let them raise your chicks.
Reasonably good layers that tend to go broody include Araucanas, Australorps, Brahmas, Cochins, Dorkings, Javas, Marans, Orpingtons and Sussex. Most bantams will set and hatch chicks. Silkies are a sure bet!
Grow Your own
It’s easy to grow much of your own chicken feed for at least part of the year. To start, choose a breed that loves to forage and get them out and about every day. Heritage breeds tend to be good foragers because self-reliance was an important trait in days gone buy. Foraging breeds that The Livestock Conservancy recommends include Australorps, Buckeyes, Buttercups, Campines, Dominiques, Javas, Lakenvelders, Minorcas, Plymouth Rocks, Rhode Island Whites, and Sussex, all of which are good (120 or more eggs per year) or better layers.
You can also supplement your birds’ diet with goodies from your garden, with the exception of raw potatoes or potato peelings; raw or dried beans; tomato and eggplant vines or leaves; rhubarb; and onions. You can even grow and store mangels to feed through winter. Chickens love mangels!