Death of missionary sparks a debate over mission work
Slain 26-year-old’s approach to spreading the gospel is under fire
Some call him a martyr. Others call him a colonialist.
A few just call him tragically misguided.
Almost everyone, it seems, has an opinion about John Allen Chau.
When Indian officials reported last month that the young American missionary had died at the hands of indigenous people living on a protected island off the coast of India, a dispute erupted in Christian circles. As his story continues to capture international attention, the debate intensifies over his approach to spreading the Christian gospel at North Sentinel Island — and whether he should have been there at all.
Much of the discussion is rooted in Chau’s 13-page account of his final days, which was shared by his mother with the Washington Post.
According to the diary, he convinced several local fishermen to bring him as close as possible to North Sentinel Island on Nov. 14, at which point he paddled to shore in a kayak.
“My name is John, I love you and Jesus loves you,” he shouted at them, according to the journal. He then threw a fish at the Sentinelese and fled.
He returned the next day with a bevy of gifts. When a man shouted at him, he sang worship songs and hymns until a boy shot an arrow that stuck in Chau’s waterproof Bible.
He retreated again, but returned one last time, telling the fishermen he would be fine staying on the island overnight. When they returned, they saw several Sentinelese people dragging his body down the beach.
Chau’s relatives since have said that they forgive his killers. Indian authorities say they have no plans to recover his body, according to the Guardian.
Some mission experts shake their heads at Chau’s actions.
Scott Moreau, dean of Wheaton College’s graduate school and a scholar of mission work and intercultural communication, said Chau’s approach sits on the “naive end” of the missionary spectrum.
“It just seems unwise, to say the least,” he said.
Moreau said Chau could have tried sitting on a beach quietly and waiting for an islander to approach rather than hollering at them.
Yelling, he said, can be interpreted differently in various cultures, and “typically it’s not very positive.”
Amy Peterson, a former missionary, said Chau’s story reminds her of missionary biographies that inspired her as a little girl growing up in an evangelical Christian home in the United States. They were stories of adventure, of heroic figures who traveled to locations that seemed exotic to her as a child.
Those stories inspired her to become a missionary to southeast Asia.
“I wanted to be one of the real, true, greatest Christians — one of heaven’s heroes,” said Peterson, who wrote “Dangerous Territory: My Misguided Quest to Save the World” about her experience and how it changed her thinking about missions.
That “missionary myth,” as she calls it, is common in evangelical Christianity. It first developed in the 1700s, she said, when famed revivalist Jonathan Edwards compiled the biography of David Brainerd, a missionary to the Delaware people in New Jersey.
That work inspired many famous missionaries like Jim Elliot, who, along with four other missionaries, was killed several years into a mission in Ecuador.
But that adventure narrative is a dangerous and damaging way of talking about missions, Peterson said.
For one, she said, it’s tinged with white supremacy and Western cultural imperialism. It also emphasizes faith over planning, education and common sense.
“What (Chau) did was right in line with the way that missionary work has often been mythologized in the white American church,” she said.
Mary Ho, international executive leader of All Nations and one of Chau’s trainers, disagrees. She told Religion News Service that the 26-year-old had spoken for years about his desire to reach the Sentinelese and that he “knew that’s what his life’s mission was about.”
His diary makes clear he knew that local authorities would not approve of his action: He wrote that “God Himself was hiding us from the Coast Guard and many patrols,” according to the Washington Post.
But Ho insisted that her organization instructs missionaries to follow laws.
“We train our All Nations missionaries to obey authority and to respect laws,” she said.
Ho also said Chau may have been under the impression it was legal to travel to the island.
Ho defended Chau’s tactics, saying that his presentation of a fish as a gift was “very, very appropriate.”
Chau’s death comes at a time when many evangelical groups are re-evaluating their approach to mission work, said Craig Greenfield, founder and director of Alongsiders International.
“Frankly though, much more needs to be said and done to help churches, missionaries and Christians in general be more aware of their own cultural biases, and the historical actions of the countries they come from,” he said.
The Rev. Randy S. Woodley, co-sustainer of Eloheh Indigenous Way/Eagle’s Wings Ministry and author of “Shalom and the Community of Creation: An Indigenous Vision,” has produced guidelines for Christians wanting to do mission work that stress mutual learning and cultural contextualization.
Otherwise, Woodley said, they may repeat mistakes of the past.
“I think that we have to earn our right to be heard — and now more than ever and especially among indigenous peoples. The track record is abysmal,” he said.
In the U.S. and beyond, that track record includes wiping out indigenous populations with diseases to which they had no immunity and viewing the people they wanted to reach as the “savage and heathen in this land,” said Woodley, who is is Keetoowah Cherokee.
Would-be missionaries should begin with repentance, he said. They need to be humble, seeking out cultural guides and being conscious of where they have and haven’t been invited.
“Most indigenous peoples have always been hospitable and forgiving,” Woodley said. “And even after the horrendous history that has happened, I think if people showed up in humility, our people by and large — not all, but by and large — would still say, ‘OK, you’re welcome to be here to talk to us, to share with what we have.’”