BENZODIAZEPINES

In the U.S., the benzodiazepines are among the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medicines. Boasting anti-anxiety and sedative effects, they are primarily used for treating anxiety, but they are also effective in treating other conditions, including insomnia.

CHEMICAL NAME

1H-1,2-benzodiazepine

MEDICINES

Benzodiazepines are marketed under many names, including Xanax, Librium, and Valium.

HOW IT WORKS

Benzodiazepines stimulate a neurotransmitter in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The presence of GABA hinders neuronal activity. This produces anti-anxiety and sedative effects. Benzodiazepines thus act as a sort of hand-brake in the brain.

SIDE EFFECTS

Long-term use of benzodiazepines can lead to abuse or physical dependence, cognitive decline, and falling. The risk of dependence rises with the length of the treatment. Some patients show classic signs after only a few weeks. With dependence comes the risk of a fatal overdose. Managing dependence involves gradual withdrawal or maintenance treatment.

INTERACTIONS

If antidepressants are taken in combination with benzodiazepines, each reinforces the effects and side effects of the other. Antacids reduce the rate of absorption of benzodiazepines, so these two medications should be taken several hours apart.

PROPER USE

If benzodiazepines are taken for longer than a few months, sudden withdrawal can produce seizures, tremors, muscle cramping, and vomiting. To prevent withdrawal symptoms, the dose should be slowly tapered rather than stopped abruptly.