Thyroid issues: Easily tested, easily treated

Dear Savvy Senior: What are the symptoms of thyroid disease? I’ve been dealing with a number of health issues over the past few years, and a friend of mine recently suggested I get my thyroid checked because it might be causing my problems. — Almost 66

Dear Almost: If your thyroid is out of whack, it can cause a number of health issues that can be tricky to detect because the symptoms often resemble other age-related health problems. In fact, as many as 30 million Americans have some form of thyroid disorder, but more than half aren’t aware of it.

What to know

The thyroid is a small butterflyshaped gland at the base of your neck that has a huge job. It produces hormones (called T3 and T4) that help regulate the rate of many of your body’s activities, from how quickly you burn calories to how fast your heart beats. It also influences the function of the brain, liver, kidneys and skin.

If the gland is underactive and doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, it causes body systems to slow down. If it’s overactive, and churns out too much, it has the opposite effect, speeding up the body’s processes.

The symptoms of an underactive thyroid (or hypothyroidism) — the most common thyroid disorder in older adults — will vary but may include fatigue and weakness, unexplained weight gain, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, joint pain, a puffy face, hoarseness, thinning hair, muscle stiffness, dry skin and depression. Some patients may even develop an enlarged thyroid (goiter). In older adults, it can cause other symptoms such as memory impairment, loss of appetite, weight loss, falls or even incontinence.

The symptoms of an overactive thyroid (or hyperthyroidism) may include a rapid heart rate, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, increased appetite, weight loss, tremors of the hand, frequent bowel movements, sweating, as

well as an enlarged thyroid gland. Too much thyroid hormones can also cause atrial fibrillation, affect blood pressure and decrease bone density, which increases the risk of osteoporosis.

Those at greatest risk are women with a family history of thyroid disorders. Other factors that can trigger thyroid problems include autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto’s or Graves disease; thyroid surgery; radiation treatments; and certain medications, including interferon alpha and interleukin-2 cancer medications, amiodarone heart medication and lithium for bipolar disorder.

Get tested

If you have any of the aforementioned symptoms, or if you’ve had previous thyroid problems or notice a lump at the base of your neck, ask your doctor to check your thyroid levels. The TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) blood test is used to diagnosis thyroid disorders.

If you are diagnosed with a thyroid problem, it’s easily treated. Standard treatment for hypothyroidism involves daily use of the synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine, which is an oral medication that restores adequate hormone levels.

Treatments for hyperthyroidism may include an anti-thyroid medication such as methimazole and propylthioracil, which blocks the production of thyroid hormones. Another option is radioactive iodine, which is taken orally and destroys the overactive thyroid cells and causes the gland to shrink.

For more information on thyroid disorders, visit the American Thyroid Association at Thyroid.org.

Getty Images The thyroid, a small gland at the base of your neck, has a big job, helping to regulate many of the body’s functions.