Signs of diabetes precursor ‘a warning shot’

Condition reversible with lifestyle changes

Prediabetes is extremely common. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 96 million adults (or 1 in 3 people) in the United States have prediabetes. And, unfortunately, prediabetes puts people at risk for developing more severe conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, stroke and heart disease.

But what is prediabetes, exactly, and how is it different from fullfledged Type 2 diabetes? What are the most common signs, and what should you do if you have it?

Here’s everything you need to know.

What is prediabetes?

According to Dr. Florence Comite, an innovator in precision medicine with multiple specialties in endocrinology, prediabetes is simply the precursor to diabetes commonly referred to as Type 2.

“Think of it as a warning shot to wake up and take control of your glucose before there is serious damage to your tissues and organs,” she explains. “When you have prediabetes, your sugar (glucose) level is higher or lower than optimal, whether fasting or in response to particular foods, but is not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes.”

Typically, Comite adds, prediabetes is associated with insulin resistance, which may be present for a decade or more without evidence of elevated sugar.

“Insulin resistance means your cells aren’t responding effectively to the hormone insulin, which ushers glucose into your cells for use as energy,” she says. “As sugar accumulates in your body, along with insulin resistance, damage begins to emerge in various organs — from the skin to nerves, heart, brain and elsewhere.”

Also, Comite says, infectious diseases such as COVID-19 will be more severe with prediabetes and diabetes.

“As prediabetes evolves into diabetes, more symptoms emerge. Both prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes are reversible, and ideally it’s best to counter prediabetes before it advances to diabetes.”

Often-overlooked signs

It’s important to note that often, there are no warning signs of prediabetes, according to Comite. That’s why many Americans go undiagnosed for years. However, there is one chief sign to know about: fatigue.

Because we’re tired for a million different reasons, it can be hard to connect the dots when it comes to fatigue as a prediabetes symptom.

There are other symptoms that may go unnoticed, too.

“Many of the common symptoms may be mild, like thirst and frequent urination, which often go unnoticed or are attributed to lack of sleep or dehydration,” Comite says. “Additionally, one symptom to look out for is irregular meals or a pure carbohydrate breakfast (bran muffin and banana) leading to jitteriness and irritability after a couple of hours.”

Insomnia is another common issue with prediabetes, and it may be present because of glucose variability, Comite says.

“Tingling of the feet and/or hands is another possible symptom,” she adds. “One less frequent sign of prediabetes is darkened skin on the neck, groin and armpits due to a genetic underpinning of metabolic syndrome.”

What to do if you’re diagnosed

While certain symptoms can tip you off to a glucose issue, Comite emphasizes that the absolute best way to get a prediabetes diagnosis is to see your doctor at least once a year for fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (Hba1c) and fasting insulin tests.

If your doctor does flag an abnormal result, taking action as soon as possible is important.

Here are Comite’s top tips for managing and reversing prediabetes:

Lose weight: Reducing one’s body weight is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of diabetes. “The American Diabetes Association says just losing 7 to 10 percent of body weight is enough to prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes,” Comite says. “And a recent study in the United Kingdom found that 9 out of 10 people diagnosed with diabetes were able to achieve remission by reducing their body weight by just 10 percent within five years of being diagnosed.”

Boost activity: Living a sedentary lifestyle raises your risk for diabetes, so Comite suggests getting more exercise. “Walking, biking, swimming, gardening and housework are all great exercises,” she says. “Add high-intensity interval training two to three times a week, or simply increase the intensity of your walk, run or bike workout for 20 to 60 seconds alternating rest periods of a minute or two. Resistance exercises like bodyweight calisthenics, weightlifting, functional training or using resistance bands build muscle, which improves glucose control.”

Practice optimal sleep habits: Restorative deep sleep is extremely important for metabolic health, Comite explains. “Aim to get six to eight hours of restful sleep per night. Not getting enough quality sleep causes you to release more cortisol, the stress hormone, which elevates blood sugar levels,” she says. “Poor sleep also triggers cravings for high-carbohydrate snacks the next day like chips, pizza, baked goods, due to selective release of hormones, which raises sugar and contribute to prediabetes.”

If you’re having trouble with sleep, she suggests potentially investing in a wearable such as an Oura Ring, Whoop, Garmin Watch or Apple Watch, which can provide helpful insights as to what might be going on.

While it can be daunting to find out you have prediabetes, knowledge is power — and luckily, there are a handful of steps you can take to reduce your diabetes risk.

Getty Images Reducing your weight, boosting your activity level and getting enough quality sleep can go a long way toward managing and reversing a prediabetes diagnosis.