Biden’s $3.5-trillion bill: A look at the details
The most glaring flaw in media coverage of Washington is that it focuses heavily on process and seldom on substance.
That has certainly been the case with coverage of the Build Back Better Act, the comprehensive reform package now being dickered over on Capitol Hill.
If you’re following the debate via the news, you probably have heard the measure’s overall price tag, most often placed at $3.5 trillion; the media aren’t always careful to specify that that’s the estimate of spending over 10 years.
You may also have read, in eye-glazing detail, about the negotiations taking place to reduce the costs, mostly among Democrats, and the numbingly technical debate over whether it can be passed by “reconciliation” or will be vulnerable to a GOP filibuster, etc., etc.
What you may not know as much about is what’s actually in the act — in other words, what all that spending will pay for. That’s important because, thanks to the way Washington is covered, Americans tend to turn negative about big legislative measures, even though they’re in favor of the individual provisions.
A CBS News/YouGov poll taken this month found that 57% of respondents either didn’t know what’s in the spending plan or have only a general, nonspecific impression; only 10% knew “a lot of the specifics.”
So we’ll fill you in. What follows is a piece-by-piece rundown of some of the most important provisions of the Build Back Better Act. Not all the provisions, of course — the measure weighs in at 2,456 pages, so a lot in there won’t make it into this column.
The middle class, working class, children and the medically underserved have been left behind during the last several decades of economic growth. The Build Back Better Act would start to redress the imbalance.
Healthcare
Two provisions of the bill — making enhanced subsidies for purchases of Affordable Care Act health plans permanent, and filling in the gaps left by the refusal of 12 states to expand Medicaid under the ACA — would reduce the ranks of America’s medically uninsured by 7 million, or 25%, in 2022. That’s according to the Commonwealth Fund.
The bill would make permanent the ACA premium
subsidy changes enacted in March by the American Rescue Plan, the Biden administration’s COVID relief act. That act eliminated the subsidy cliff of the original ACA, which cut off subsidies for households that earned even a penny more than 400% of the federal poverty level (that is, $106,000 for a family of four this year).
The subsidies were redesigned so no household would have to pay more than 8.5% of its income for a benchmark silver ACA plan. The subsidies were therefore made theoretically available to everyone. Lower-income families would still be entitled to more help: Those earning from 100% to 150% of the poverty line ($26,500 to $39,750 for a family of four) went from a maximum premium of 4.14% of income to a zero premium, for instance.
The COVID relief act also offered Medicaid holdout states greater incentive to expand that program for low-income residents by giving them a 5-percentagepoint boost in the federal reimbursement for their traditional Medicaid spending — a sum that would exceed their costs in expanding Medicaid to cover residents earning less than 150% of the federal poverty level, the target population for the expansion.
The cost of the expansion program would still be 90% covered by the federal government.
If all 12 holdout states accepted that deal, they’d receive a total of $16.4 billion in federal funds over two years for the cost of about $6.8 billion in expansion. Texas, for example, would spend less than $3.2 billion on expansion but would gain more than $5 billion from the increased share.
Republican leaders in the 12 holdout states are still too dense or ideologically
addled to have taken the government up on its offer, so the Build Back Better Act tries a different approach.
The act would take the issue out of the states’ hands by creating an entirely federal Medicaid program to serve the roughly 2.2 million uninsured adults who fall into the gap in non-expansion states — chiefly Florida, Texas, Georgia and North Carolina — starting in 2025. Some 60% of those uninsured adults, by the way, are people of color.
The measure would also significantly expand Medicare by adding vision, hearing and dental coverage, beginning in, respectively, 2022, 2023 and 2028.
Medicare members would be eligible for subsidized eye tests and frames every two years and up to two oral exams and cleanings a year, as well as subsidies for treatments up
to and including bridges and crowns.
Child care, families
The act would make the child tax credit, a feature of the COVID relief act, permanent. That credit comes to $3,000 per child ($3,600 for children ages 5 and younger) for households with income of up to $150,000 for a couple or $112,500 for single parents. That’s most families.
When it went into effect, the credit was seen as a massive step toward reducing child poverty today and increasing mobility out of poverty in the future, as Christopher Pulliam and Richard V. Reeves of the Brookings Institution observed.
The credit was the largest component of the COVID act provisions that was projected to cut child poverty nearly in half, to 7.5% from 13.6%, according to an analysis by Columbia University.
The new act would also provide a child-care subsidy for lower-income families — those with 100% of median incomes in their states next year, rising to 130% in fiscal 2024.
Individual states would have to sign on to the program and commit to meeting federal standards, which include Head Start program performance standards set by the Department of Health and Human Services.
The act would also guarantee 12 weeks of paid family and medical leave per year, starting in mid-2023, for families welcoming a new child by birth, adoption or foster care, or those caring for a seriously ill or injured family member.
As outlined by the Kaiser Family Foundation, the provision would provide benefits on a sliding scale ranging from 85% of earnings up to $15,080 annually down to 5% of earnings between about $100,000 and $250,000.
This proposal would end America’s status as the only developed country without a national standard of paid family or medical leave. (Federal law requires some employers to offer unpaid leave, but only about half the workforce is eligible. Only about 1 in 5 workers receives any paid family leave from employers.)
Some advocates see the family leave provision as a boon for voters across the income and political spectrum, with special appeal for the Democratic Party base.
Education
The act would allocate $200 billion for universal preschool for 3- and 4-yearolds, regardless of family income.
The White House estimates that the program would cover 5 million children and save the average family $13,000 once it’s fully implemented, with states picking up part of the cost.
The act would also aim to reduce the tuition cost of two-year community colleges to zero, with states picking up about one-fourth of the tab, and the federal government covering the rest.
The federal government would cover about 75% of the average tuition cost in each state when the program is fully implemented, with states picking up the rest.
Taxes
Since the major concern of the fiscal hand-wringers in Capitol Hill is how to pay for all this, the answer is straightforward: mostly by raising taxes on the rich.
The act would raise the maximum income tax rate to 39.6% from 37% on single filers with incomes over $400,000 and couples earning more than $450,000 and would add a 3% surcharge on incomes over $5 million.
It would raise the top capital gains tax rate to 25% from the current 20%, effective for taxpayers in the same brackets as the income tax.
It would accelerate a reduction in the exemption for the estate tax to $6.02 million from the current $11.7 million (that is, lowering the exemption for couples to $12.04 million from $23.4 million) so it takes effect in 2022 instead of 2026.
Those increases wouldn’t pay for the whole package, but they would be a start.