Syrian city is key to both sides
As rebels and troops mass at Aleppo, U.N. rights chief voices alarm
BEIRUT — An impending battle for the northern city of Aleppo could prove to be a decisive moment for both sides in the Syrian conflict, threatening President Bashar Assad with a loss he might not survive or rebels with a rout that highlights their disorganization and lack of firepower.
Government troops and rebel forces were massing Friday around Syria’s richest city. Until a rebel offensive swept in from the outskirts this week, the city had been relatively calm and firmly under government control.
Syrian state television played martial music and showed stock video of fervent conscripts signing up for military service. Assad was shown in camouflage, peering through binoculars alongside military commanders. Although the video probably was shot long ago, playing it now emphasized the importance of the moment. In a front-page headline, the pro-government Al Watan newspaper spoke of a “Mother of All Battles” for the city of 2 million people.
The United Nations human rights chief voiced “deep alarm” over the buildup of forces in Aleppo, saying it “bodes ill for the people of that city.”
U.S. officials warned of a possible massacre, reminiscent of the concern during last year’s Libyan uprising for the rebel-held city of Benghazi. Western-led airstrikes destroyed Libyan leader Moammar Kadafi’s mechanized columns, saving the city from being overrun.
But mindful of the com-
plexity of the Syrian conflict, Western officials have said consistently that they do not intend to intervene in Syria. That leaves government forces, heavily armed but stretched thin, to battle poorly armed rebels who nevertheless appear to have seized the momentum.
Few doubt that the government will do everything it can to retain control of Aleppo, the country’s economic hub and the gateway to northern Syria.
“Assad cannot afford to lose control of Aleppo,” said Fawaz A. Gerges, director of the Middle East Center at the London School of Economics. “It is as important as Damascus, if not more so, to Assad’s survival.”
A rebel-held Aleppo could morph into a kind of Syrian Benghazi, opening the way for the rebels to control northern Syria and create an opposition haven just 200 miles from Damascus, the capital. The region also is close to rebel supply lines in neighboring Turkey.
“Aleppo is so strategically located, next to Turkey, that it could serve as a beachhead to attack Assad’s forces elsewhere,” Gerges said in an email. “In a word, the loss of Aleppo would effectively mean the beginning of the end of Assad’s rule.”
The fall of Aleppo would also be a devastating symbolic blow for a government that has already seen broad swaths of territory fall into rebel hands and has lost control of several border crossings.
On Friday, the people of Aleppo lived with profound apprehension as rumors swirled of an impending assault.
Unconfirmed opposition reports said there were as many as 80 tanks on the city’s periphery, ready to strike. Many residents fled the city and others moved to districts judged safer, staying in mosques, schools or parks, one opposition activist said. Still, the opposition reported that people ventured out for their usual Friday protests calling for Assad’s ouster.
“There is great fear for what the regime is preparing for Aleppo,” said an opposition activist who, like others contacted, asked to remain anonymous for security reasons.
The opposition reported another day of attacks by helicopter gunships and intense shelling, especially in the rebel-held southern district of Firdous. Video posted on YouTube and said to be from the Firdous area shows a cameraman wearing sandals striding through bloodstained streets, and residents carrying bloodied and mangled bodies from the scene.
The city and its sprawling environs are home to a mixed population, including significant numbers of Christians and ethnic Kurds. Like other Syrian minorities, they have been wary of the rebel movement and its Islamist overtones.
To date, the fighting in Aleppo has raged mostly in opposition-friendly districts where most residents are Arabs and Sunni Muslims, who make up the core of anti-Assad forces.
The Syrian military has been battered by defections and the strain of multiple deployments as the rebellion has spread far and wide. Still, it enjoys a significant advantage in arms, including armored vehicles, tanks and aircraft, and remains a professional force.
The fight for Aleppo poses a steep challenge for the Free Syrian Army and other rebel groups, which appeared to have seized the initiative since a bomb attack last week in Damascus killed key members of Assad’s security team.
That strike appears to have opened a new phase in the conflict, with the focus shifting from the provinces to Damascus and Aleppo. Still, the rebels remain an assortment of militias lacking central leadership and a coherent political vision, other than overthrowing Assad.
Money and arms have streamed to the rebel cause, much of it reportedly from Persian Gulf kingdoms, notably Qatar and Saudi Arabia. But many rebel commanders still cite a lack of weapons, especially antitank guns and antiaircraft missiles.
In recent days, the government
and
welltrained appears to have reasserted control in Damascus after heavy fighting. State television has shown graphic images of corpses described as dead “terrorists,” as the government calls rebels, along with video of troops firing intensely at insurgent positions.
Despite rebel optimism, Aleppo could end up like Damascus: another rout and a strategic retreat for the insurgents. The short-term “liberation” of parts of the city might later be viewed as reckless. Some in the opposition have questioned the ambitious strategy.
“In my opinion, the Free Syrian Army was very stupid with this operation,” said an antigovernment activist who calls himself Abo Adel, reached by Skype inside of Aleppo. “They won’t be able to beat Assad’s forces.”
Still, victory could backfire on the government.
A withering attack that leaves much of the city in ruins — like the ones the government launched in the central city of Homs and other places — could alienate many Syrians, including the powerful Aleppo merchant class that has long backed Assad as a guarantor of stability and the free flow of commerce.
“While tanks, artillery and helicopter gunships can destroy neighborhoods and force irregular fighters to fade away, the price of treating one’s own population as a military enemy is high,” Juan Cole, a Middle East historian at the University of Michigan, wrote on his Informed Comment blog. “The regime may well win the military fight, but lose the political one.”