A ‘Package’ best returned
More than two centuries ago, our Founding Fathers declared that all humans are born with the same inherent potential. Ever since, having the phrase “created equal” in our Declaration of Independence has been one the coolest things about being an American.
Now, married Yale law professors Amy Chua and Jed Rubenfeld have stepped forward to say that being “created equal” doesn’t matter. Instead, their controversial (and sometimes cringe-inducing) new book, “The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America,” argues that our cultural background largely determines our fate.
The luckiest Americans, they say, are born with “The Triple Package,” a set of can-do values handed down to them by their families. Chua and Rubenfeld know that saying some of us are born to more ambitious cultures than others makes them sound “un-American,” but they don’t care. Chua’s contentious previous book, “The Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother,” with its portrayal of Asian American mothers as control freaks, seems to have emboldened the author and her husband.
“The reality, uncomfortable as it may be to talk about, is that some religious, ethnic and national-origin groups are starkly more successful than others,” Chua and Rubenfeld write. They point to Jews,
Mormons and immigrants from China, Iran and Nigeria as examples of groups that raise their children with three contradictory but powerful qualities: 1) They believe themselves to be superior to other groups while 2) remaining deeply insecure about their place in American society. And 3) they all impose an extraordinary sense of self-discipline on their children.
Successful American groups teach their kids to resist immediate gratification, telling them, “You are capable of great things because of the group to which you belong,” the authors write. But also that “individually, you are not good enough; so you need to control yourself … prove yourself.”
Not surprisingly these arguments have already brought forth a torrent of criticism. In Time magazine, Suketu Mehta wrote that the book is emblematic of a “new racism” and reductivism creeping into American public discourse. In the Atlantic, Olga Khazan accused the couple of a crassly materialistic definition of success as “money, fame and power.”
“The Triple Package” is a deliberately provocative book, yet it is also measured and defensive. The duo make all sorts of qualifications and exceptions to their basic thesis: Not everyone raised in a Triple Package culture succeeds, they acknowledge. And being raised in one can be corrosive to the soul.
They also argue that there are individuals who triumph despite being born into groups without the Triple Package, like Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, who succeeded despite being Puerto Rican — one of many cohorts to get a quick, backhanded slap across the face in this book.
I wasn’t born into a Triple Package culture either. However, I did have: a demanding immigrant father (“What’s this B on your report card?”) who imbued me with the idea of Guatemalan exceptionalism (“Our Spanish is better than anyone else’s”) and a childhood in which I never shook the sense that I was a brown-skinned outsider. Chua and Rubenfeld suggest that these characteristics put me in the same league with a variety of successful individuals born into Triple Package cultures, such as former presidential nominee Mitt Romney and novelist Saul Bellow.
Aside from its assault on sensibilities, “The Triple Package” is a sloppy book, as is evident in the authors’ description of what constitutes a group’s “success.” In lieu of a definition, Chua and Rubenfeld cobble together celebrity anecdotes and academic studies into arguments that have all the profundity of a rookie salesman’s PowerPoint presentation.
In introducing the Mormons, for example, the authors rattle off the names of a series of Mormon CEOs of U.S. corporations. “If there’s one group in the U.S. today that’s hitting it out of the park with conventional success, it’s Mormons,” the authors write. Mormon executives exercise “impulse control” by not drinking martinis with their non-Mormon counterparts and are driven by being seen as weird outsiders in an otherwise WASP-dominated culture.
This is an exceedingly shallow vision of the modern Mormon experience, which treats Mormon as a synonym for affluence and ignores that Salt Lake City is riven with class divisions between Mormon haves and have-nots.
The failure to consider historical and economic factors runs through the book and is one of its most telling weaknesses. Chua and Rubenfeld paint portraits of various groups with the broadest brush imaginable. Appalachians are not successful because they lack “impulse control,” as evidenced by their high rates of obesity. And even White Anglo Saxon Protestants are supposedly losing their Triple Package edge: Thanks in part to the 1990s’ self-esteem movement, WASPs aren’t as hungry as they used to be, accelerating the decline of U.S. culture.
The discussion of the 20th century Jewish experience is one of the more nuanced sections. They argue that Jews’ ambition, their outsider status and “chosen people” narrative are responsible for Jewish success on North American shores. But for the Jews, as with other groups, the Triple Package is a blessing and a curse. It isn’t fun to be born to parents who always find something lacking in their children, though it has spawned countless jokes about Jewish mothers.
The Triple Package advantage is apparently waning in Jewish American circles, however, as generations grow distant from their hardscrabble roots: “few American Jews under the age of thirty today are in position to be embarrassed by having a peddler for a father.”
And what about the many Americans born without the Triple Package? Chua and Rubenfeld do their best to tiptoe around several minefields. If the Triple Package isn’t present in the culture of black Americans it’s because “the United States did everything it could for centuries to grind the Triple Package out of African American culture — and is still doing so today,” the authors write.
But the gravest sin is the book’s refusal to put these groups in economic context. For Chua and Rubenfeld, the 1980s and ’90s were times of plenty because many Americans got filthy rich. But a vast literature has shown how fiscal austerity and de-industrialization ravaged the middle class during this era.
The authors don’t blame political or corporate leaders for America’s decline but Americans themselves. They even blame the Great Recession on our gradual rejection of Triple Package values, saying, “America had lost the Triple Package, and this loss had infected the whole system.” The U.S. needs to gets its edge back, the authors say. In the book’s final pages, they come close to suggesting another war might give us all the collective chip on our shoulder we need to thrive.
“The Triple Package” is a grim book, a scolding rebuke about the softening of America dressed up in pseudo-academic arguments. It will convince few and offend many, though one senses the authors believe themselves to be too special to care.