Low turnout weakens power of Latino vote
LAMONT, Calif. — By all accounts, the Central Valley is a place where Latino candidates should win elections.
Latino political activism here dates back to the farmworker movement of the 1960s. In one congressional district that stretches up through the valley from Kern County to Fresno County, nearly 3 out of 4 residents are Latino.
Yet Latino candidates’ election losses have piled up here in recent years — in large part because Latinos aren’t turning out to vote.
For all the talk of the growing Latino electorate and the pivotal role it is expected to play in the 2016 presidential race, there is another often overlooked demographic reality: Latinos, along with Asian Americans, remain dramatically underrepresented in most U.S. elections.
Half a century after passage of the Voting Rights Act, which ended legal barriers to voting for blacks across the South, blacks and whites now vote at roughly equal rates, especially in presidential elections. But Latinos and Asians lag far behind in all races, even when noncitizen immigrants are accounted for.
As a result, the U.S. electorate may be less reflective of the nation’s ethnic and racial diversity today than it was in the 1950s, when the country was 90% white, according to political scientist Bernard Fraga of Indiana University, who studies minority voting trends.
In the 2014 midterm election, only 27% of eligible Latinos voted, compared with 46% of whites and 41% of African Americans, according to U.S. census data.
While the Latino vote is big and growing — an estimated 40 million Latinos will be
eligible to vote in 2030, up from about 25 million in 2014 — it’s nowhere near as big as it could be.
“There’s more Latinos and more eligible Latino voters in the United States than ever before,” Fraga said. “They should have even greater voting strength than they do. They should be even more of a force in politics. But a lot of them aren’t turning out to vote.”
Understanding why Latinos aren’t voting at a higher rate is an urgent question for candidates and parties who depend on their votes to win.
Democrats say they will need a big Latino turnout to carry swing states such as Nevada, Colorado and probably Florida in the 2016 presidential race. In next year’s U.S. Senate race in California, Rep. Loretta Sanchez (D-Santa Ana) will depend on Latino votes in her race against state Atty. Gen. Kamala Harris.
But there are many hurdles to improving turnout.
Latinos on average are younger than other groups, and young people of all races tend to vote less than their elders. Last year, 33% of Latinos eligible to vote were 18 to 29, according to the nonpartisan Pew Research Center, compared with 18% of whites, 25% of African Americans and 21% of Asian Americans.
The Latino population is also heavily concentrated in two places — Texas and California — that have not been swing states in presidential elections for decades. Nearly half of the country’s eligible Latino voters live in those two states.
Because Democrats can usually count on winning statewide races in California, as can Republicans in Texas, neither party in those states has had an incentive to invest the huge sums necessary to register and turn out lots more Latino voters. By contrast, a large share of the black population lives in swing states that have been a heavy focus of voter registration efforts.
“Organizations and political parties aren’t focused enough on this segment of the population,” said Marcela Ruiz, deputy director of California Rural Legal Assistance, which provides legal assistance to the state’s rural poor.
Last year, only 17% of eligible Latinos and 18% of eligible Asian Americans in California voted, according to an analysis by the UC Davis Center for Regional Change. Turnout among all other racial groups was 40%.
Antonio Gonzalez, president of the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project, says rapid population growth among Latinos and limited funds for registration make it hard to keep up.
His organization will register about 20,000 new Latino voters this year in several states, he said. With more money, it could do much more.
“It’s a good market — a growing market,” he said. Nationally, about 800,000 Latinos turn 18 and become eligible to vote each year.
Flavia Jimenez, a senior attorney with the Advancement Project, a civil rights advocacy organization, said Latinos would have more representation if the roughly 5 million who are legal permanent residents became citizens. Reducing the cost of the naturalization process would be a good first step, Jimenez said.
There are also cultural theories about why Latinos vote at lower rates. Many are immigrants or the children of immigrants, and many have not grown up in families in which voting was common practice.
Unlike African Americans, whose civil rights struggles in the 1960s were largely focused on voting rights, some Latino immigrants may not have positive associations with electoral politics.
Adelina Sanchez, 32, who grew up in this Central Valley town southeast of Bakersfield, says some of her Mexican immigrant relatives refuse to vote because they don’t trust the political system. “They’re so traumatized by politics in Mexico,” she said.
Fredi Castrejon, 30, a Lamont resident who sits on the board of the local Recreation and Parks District, says some immigrants who are eligible to vote don’t believe they have a voice.
“Sometimes we become citizens, but we’re still afraid to fully come out of the shadows,” said Castrejon, a Mexican immigrant who became a U.S. citizen several years ago.
Last fall, Castrejon went door to door seeking votes for Amanda Renteria, a Democrat who lost to Republican incumbent Rep. David Valadao in the 21st Congressional District and who now is political director for Hillary Rodham Clinton’s presidential campaign. Latinos are a majority of registered voters in the district, but only a third of them voted, compared with half of non-Latinos, according an analysis of exit polls by Political Data Inc., a bipartisan data vendor.
“We had the numbers for her to win,” Castrejon said. “But turnout was so low.”
Renteria’s loss was one of several Latino defeats in recent years. In 2013, Democratic Kern County Supervisor Leticia Perez lost to Republican cherry farmer Andy Vidak in a special state Senate election, despite the fact that the district is twothirds Latino.
There have been victories at the local level, Castrejon said, including the election of several young Latinos to the City Council in the nearby town of Arvin. Latinos have also led campaigns in several Central Valley towns, including Visalia, to change elections from at-large balloting to voting by geographic district — a model that tends to favor minorities.
Several organizations that work with voters in the region say they’re learning what works to boost turnout.
A statewide nonprofit organization called California Calls identifies registered voters who aren’t turning out for elections and targets them with in-person and telephone voter education campaigns.
“We go back to these people again and again and again,” said Karla Zombro, field director for the group. “And we’re changing their voting behavior over time.”
In 2014, Latino voters that the group targeted turned out at a rate nearly 20% higher than other Latino voters, Zombro said.
For years, many groups focused simply on getting Latinos registered to vote.
“But just registering voters is not enough,” said Camila Chavez, executive director of the Dolores Huerta Foundation, a nonprofit civic engagement group cofounded by Huerta, the famed farmworker organizer.
Now the organization hosts house parties where neighbors can discuss important ballot measures and other community initiatives, Chavez said. Canvassers ask for cellphone numbers and email addresses so they can follow up and remind people to vote on election day.
Leticia Prado, 48, who runs a secondhand clothing store in Lamont, says the longer Latinos live in their communities, the more invested they will be in electoral politics.
Several years ago, Prado helped lead the fight for a small tax increase that paid for a new gymnasium at a school in a nearby town. Now she sits on local school and water boards.
The experience taught her a lesson that she often shares with voters while canvassing for community initiatives or candidates.
“Nothing is going to change in this community,” she tells them, “unless we change it.”
Latinos ‘should have even greater voting strength than they do. They should be even more of a force in politics. But a lot of them aren’t turning out to vote.’ — Bernard Fraga, political scientist at Indiana University