The problem of tracking
Students of color are kept out of higher-level classes because of factors beyond their control.
In the 1970s, Michelle King took advanced classes at Palisades High School. But she didn’t see many students who looked like her.
“Sometimes I was one of the few African American students in a particular higher-level class,” the new L.A. Unified superintendent said in an interview during a visit to Century Park Elementary School, where she attended kindergarten.
The problem she described has been well-documented, and it’s referred to as tracking. Students of color, especially black and Latino students, are kept out of higher-level classes because of entrance requirements such as grades, admission tests, teacher recommendations and other factors that are out of their control.
And it’s a problem that students at King’s alma mater — now Palisades Charter High School — still experience. Two Palisades Charter High students — Jhyre Alvarado and Arianna McMillon — were on a panel of L.A. Unified students of color in August. As The Times reported this fall, both said that in their school, which is about 24% Latino and 14% black, they are sometimes the only person in their high-level classes representing their ethnic groups.
“If you look around, it’s true. If you see all the other AP [Advanced Placement] classes, it’s true,” Alvarado said. “The only one that’s really meant for us is probably AP Spanish.”
It’s not just a problem at Palisades Charter High. In the 2009-10 school year, L.A. Unified began allowing any student to enroll in AP classes. Since then, AP classes have started to more closely resemble the district as a whole.
That’s mostly because of an increase in Latino students, who have gone from 60% of AP enrollment to 68% since 2007. Black students have consistently represented 7% of AP enrollment, though they made up 10% of the district in the 2014-15 school year.
Advanced Placement and honors classes prepare students for college-level coursework and give them an edge in college admissions. Sometimes being tracked into a lower-level class means a student will not complete the course requirements to qualify for Cal State or University of California enrollment.
Educators are still trying to fix this problem at every level. The U.S. Department of Education regularly investigates school districts for their tracking practices; the Office for Civil Rights investigated L.A. Unified in 2010 and required the district to come up with a plan to increase representation of black and Latino students in the district’s gifted and talented programs. A new California law requires school districts to develop placement policies for math classes. Some L.A. schools even require all students to take an AP class.
“I did see many of my friends that didn’t have that same opportunity that I had,” King said. “So that’s why it’s such a strong part of my passion in terms of what I want to see and be able to do for our district.”
sonali.kohli@latimes.com