Putting ‘mental health’ in lexicon
Cal State Fullerton is studying literacy and other factors that deter Vietnamese Americans in need.
When Vi Pham was growing up in Little Saigon, she noticed there was no way to say “mental health” in Vietnamese.
“When we say ‘mental health,’ it’s usually associated with the word ‘crazy,’ and we think of mental institutions,” said Pham, who is working on a master’s degree in counseling at Cal State Fullerton. “That’s why when people hear ‘mental health’ in my culture, they get scared. They think of it as something incurable, that the person is not normal.”
As a result, many older Vietnamese Americans — who decades later may continue to suffer from trauma related to the Vietnam War — don’t seek out mental health services, she said.
“If I have an issue, I have to deal with it myself or it has to be solved within the family,” Pham said. “Seeking outside help is not an option. If someone outside knows about our family issues, the family fears they’ll be looked down upon.”
According to a 2008 study by UC Irvine’s Center for Health Care Management and Policy, 21% of Vietnamese Americans report depression and anxiety, compared with 10% of whites. Meanwhile, 20% of Vietnamese Americans have discussed mental health with a professional, compared with 45% of whites.
Although this stigma has been the subject of extensive academic study, a new project at Cal State Fullerton is investigating another reason Vietnamese Americans don’t seek help as much as others — mental health literacy. Pham is a research assistant for the project.
“The community doesn’t know what mental health is,” said Yuying Tsong, an assistant professor and lead researcher on the study. “And if you don’t know what mental health is, why would you seek help, even if you’re showing symptoms of depression?”
Tsong’s research, supported by a grant from UCLA, investigates the concept of mental health literacy through a series of in-depth interviews with older Vietnamese adults in Orange County.
To evaluate them, she reads a short story — in Vietnamese — describing another person’s depression symptoms, such as withdrawal from social activities, then assesses whether the interviewee can identify them.
“For example, we’ll tell them that this grandpa used to like gardening a lot, and he used to socialize and play Chinese chess with his friends in the park,” Tsong said. “But in the last two weeks, he hasn’t gone out. His friends call him, and he says, ‘I’m too tired.’ Even when his grandchildren call, he says, ‘I don’t want to go out.’
“Then we ask the interviewee what he thinks happened and what this person should do.”
Tsong’s research doesn’t focus exclusively on Vietnamese war refugees — her interview subjects were screened by age, not life experience.
Orange County, however, is home to the largest Vietnamese population in the United States.
Before resettling in the United States, many refugees spent time at camps in the Philippines and Guam. Over the course of the journey, people died, families were separated and wealth was lost. Survivors then faced the challenge of starting over in a new country and learning a new language and culture.
That history is one reason why rates of mental health issues such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety are higher among Vietnamese Americans than other Asians, who typically emigrated for professional reasons, Tsong said.
The researcher said that, though the interview sessions are still in progress, she sees clear patterns developing.
“The recognition of depression symptoms [is] fairly low,” she said. “A lot of times [the subjects] believe that if the person were to just go out in their social life more, visit family more or exercise more, they’ll be better. This explains why our community is not seeking help.
“If you don’t recognize that these behaviors are really about depression, you’re not going to seek the appropriate professionals.”
Another trend is attributing depression symptoms to old age.
“Aging doesn’t mean you have to be depressed,” Tsong said. “But if older adults see aging as being old and sad, of course they’re not going to get treatment.”
Thanh Do, a program director at the Nhan Hoa Comprehensive Healthcare Clinic in Garden Grove, said one of the primary barriers for treatment in the local Vietnamese American community is the “morality view” that mental health is a reflection of a person’s character.
“They think that if they have a mental health problem, it means their family is not so good,” he said. “That’s why we try to explain it to them in the medical view, that mental health problems are the same as other medical problems.”
Another barrier to treatment is language.
About 90% of Vietnamese American seniors in Orange County have limited English proficiency, Tsong said, and 40% of local Vietnamese American households are linguistically isolated, meaning that every family member over age 14 has limited English proficiency.
“Even if they can recognize that a person may be depressed, it’s going to be difficult for them to find a mental health professional who will be able to deliver services in the language that’s appropriate,” Tsong said.
Do said that in recent years he has seen a noticeable change in Vietnamese Americans’ willingness — and ability — to get help. Mainstream services have more Vietnamese speakers, and clinics that cater specifically to the Vietnamese community have emerged throughout the county.
In addition, Do said, an increasing number of younger Vietnamese Americans are entering the fields of social work, psychology and counseling with the specific goal of serving their own community.
Tsong hopes to use her research to design a pilot intervention program aimed at improving the mental health literacy of older Vietnamese American adults — something that will have implications for the entire community, she said. Pham agreed. “If our older generation keeps telling the younger generation that there’s stigma, don’t go to counseling, it’s useless, of course young people are going to look at it like it’s not necessary,” she said. “But if older people are doing it, then it shows people of all ages that they can benefit.”