A test of privacy laws in activists’ case
State’s prosecution of abortion opponents who secretly recorded healthcare providers could break ground.
California’s prosecution of two anti-abortion activists on felony charges of invasion of privacy appears to be on solid ground, though the case is likely to test the strength of the state’s ban on the surreptitious recording of others, legal experts said Wednesday.
Atty. Gen. Xavier Becerra unveiled a 15-count felony complaint Tuesday against activists David Robert Daleiden and Sandra Merritt, alleging that they videorecorded 14 people without their consent at meetings with women’s healthcare providers in Los Angeles, Pasadena, San Francisco and El Dorado.
An Irvine-based antiabortion group founded by Daleiden later posted the video online, charging that Planned Parenthood was involved in the selling of fetal tissue.
Investigations eventually cleared the organization of the charges, but the reports sparked threats and violence against Planned Parenthood centers.
Stanford law professor Robert Weisberg said the state appears to have the evidence needed to win convictions.
For the activists to argue the recordings were “in the public interest to expose some very bad activity imputed to the victims here — well sorry, you can’t do that,” Weisberg said. “Becerra is on
very strong ground here.”
Other legal analysts were less certain.
UC Hastings law professor Rory Little, a former federal prosecutor, said the question of when deception can be used to gather information affects many areas of the law.
“This one is really interesting because of the political tilt to it,” Little said. “We generally feel like there is a privilege for journalists. If this were the Washington Post having infiltrated the Aryan Brotherhood gang, we might be cheering and saying, ‘Good work.’ ”
Little said a 1st Amendment defense by the activists probably would complicate the prosecution, particularly given “the atmospherics” of the case.
“To me,” Little said, “the interesting question is not so much is this a hard criminal case to prove, but that there is going to be a 1st Amendment challenge to the use of the statute” in addition to charges of selective prosecution.
California has long had stronger privacy protections than most states. A right to privacy is even enshrined in the California Constitution.
But California’s privacy laws have been tested most frequently in the context of civil litigation, not under the higher hurdles of criminal law.
The California Supreme Court decided in 1998 that the news media could be held liable for recording a private person without consent. The media should not “play tyrant to the people by unlawfully spying on them in the name of news gathering,” the court said.
The case involved a reality television show broadcasting the words of an accident victim.
In a civil case four years after that decision, the court held that under the law, a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy if he or she does not expect that the conversation would be disclosed to a third person.
Experts said they knew of few criminal prosecutions like the kind Becerra has filed.
“It is rare, but it is not bizarre,” Weisberg said. “It is done occasionally, often in situations where the action is repetitive, where it almost becomes a stalking crime.”
The law has some exceptions, but only for exposing certain crimes, such as bribery and extortion, and to protect public safety, he said.
Daleiden has called the charges “bogus” and “fake news.”
Horatio Mihet, chief litigation lawyer for Liberty Counsel, which is representing Merritt, confirmed that the defense would argue that the pair had 1st Amendment rights as journalists and that the prosecution was politically motivated. Mihet, whose group handles religious liberties cases, called Becerra “a hired gun for Planned Parenthood.”
The law against secret recordings, however, does not shield journalists, Loyola law professor Laurie Levenson said.
“Even citizen journalists have to comply with criminal statutes,” she said. “That is the bottom line.”
The activists were charged with secretly filming 14 different people in addition to a felony conspiracy count. The affidavit, filed in San Francisco, identified each victim as Doe to protect the workers’ privacy and safety.
Maximum penalties include stiff fines and years behind bars.
Levenson said prosecutions involving hidden recordings tend to be strongly fact-specific. Defendants can argue the subject had no reasonable expectation of privacy because there were others in the room, she said.
But using a hidden recording device is almost an admission that the other person assumed the conversation was private, said Levenson, a former federal prosecutor.
She called the charges “a very high-profile, perhaps ground-breaking use of the law,” but “not a slam-dunk” for prosecutors.
“This is really an important case in that it will help to define the boundaries for the confidentiality of organizations and the tactics that can be used in contentious issues like abortion,” she said.
Just hours after the criminal charges were filed, a federal appeals court decided 2 to 1 to uphold a preliminary injunction to prevent the activists from publicly releasing recordings that they made during meetings of an abortion rights group.
The panel of the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the claims of the antiabortion activists that the order by a lower court judge violated the 1st Amendment.