Why didn’t Houston order an evacuation?
As Tropical Storm Harvey barreled toward the Gulf Coast, Texas Gov. Greg Abbott urged residents of coastal and low-lying areas to evacuate and head to higher ground.
No one could know how bad the flooding would be, he said, and it wasn’t worth taking the risk.
“Even if an evacuation order hasn’t been issued by your local official … you need to strongly consider evacuating,” Abbott said Friday. “You don’t want to put your- self in a situation where you could be subject to a search and rescue.”
His plea contradicted that of local officials, who for days had been urging Houston to remain calm and stay at home. Some invoked the deadly traffic jams of Hurricane Rita in 2005 to remind residents that fleeing could be more fatal than staying home.
As f loodwaters rose, leaving residents trapped on upper floors or waving sheets from rooftops, Houston officials have been repeatedly forced to defend their decision, as critics questioned whether it was the right one.
“You literally cannot put 6.5 million [people] on the road,” Mayor Sylvester Turner said when asked again Sunday about whether the city should have evacuated. “If you think the situation right now is bad — you give an order to evacuate, you are creating a nightmare.”
In 2005, less than a month after Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, an ominous forecast for the strongest gulf storm in history hung over southeast Texas like a cloud.
As Hurricane Rita approached the Gulf Coast, buffeted by 175-mph winds, officials ordered more than 1.3 million residents to leave beach cities and low-lying areas of Houston and head for higher ground.
“The time for waiting is over,” then-Houston Mayor Bill White urged residents. “Don’t follow the example of New Orleans and think that someone’s going to get you.”
An estimated 3.7 million people attempted to flee the region, overwhelming Houston’s vast interstate network and creating miles-long traffic jams with no entry or exit points. (“It was like we were yelling ‘fire,’ but all the doors were shut,” one city councilwoman said afterward.)
Dozens suffered heatstroke on the highways. Fights broke out. Some evacuees gave up and went home; others ran out of gas and abandoned their cars. A Times reporter spent more than 14 hours driving 70 miles from Galveston to greater Houston.
More than 60 of the 100 deaths in Texas during the storm were later connected to the chaotic evacuation, according to a 2006 report to state lawmakers. Among other issues, the report noted, officials had not anticipated that images from Katrina would encourage more people to leave.
In the most deadly incident, a chartered bus carrying nursing home patients stalled on the side of Interstate 45 and caught fire, killing 23 people.
In the days leading up to Harvey, officials were acutely aware that the risk of death across the city could be much higher if officials botched an evacuation attempt and saw a repeat of Hurricane Rita.
An evacuation would require funneling a significant number of the region’s 6 million residents onto three main evacuation routes, with a risk that those routes could become flooded too.
During Tropical Storm Allison in 2001, seven of the 22 people who died in Houston drowned in their cars, according to federal data. And in 2014, nearly twothirds of U.S. flood victims died in their cars, according to the most recent data immediately available.
“Sending potentially millions of people out into flooded areas — it doesn’t make sense,” mayoral spokesman Alan Bernstein said. “With our bayou system, you don’t know which watershed is going to flood first.”
The city would also have to scramble to transport the poor, the elderly and the disabled who did not have cars.
Turner and Harris County officials agreed to issue an evacuation order if the storm met one of two key indicators: winds powerful enough to destroy buildings or surges that could devastate low-lying areas.
Forecasts soon showed that neither situation applied to Houston, Bernstein said. Instead, City Hall staff worked to verify that 911 dispatchers, high-water vehicles and the U.S. Coast Guard were available.
“This has not been perfect, and we may have lost people along the way, which is horrible,” Bernstein said. “But the alternative would have been a disaster.”
Putting an evacuation order in place would require days of planning and advance notice, said R. David Paulison, who was President George W. Bush’s Federal Emergency Management Agency director. That would include giving people enough time to evacuate and lining up a vast range of services for evacuees, such as meals and pet care.
Paulison declined to comment on whether Houston officials had made the right choice. But he did find one area for improvement: the conditions shown in a now-viral photo of elderly residents stranded in waisthigh water at a nursing home southeast of Houston.
“It was just horrible, horrible, to have those elderly people sitting in water up to their waists,” Paulison said. “Why didn’t that nursing home have an alternative place to take their patients? You have to have a plan in place.”