Two perspectives of Latin America
‘Voyages’ offers views from both indigenous people and Europeans
The 19th century engraving is striking for its blue skies, its placid clusters of llamas and the elegant profile of the Ecuadorean volcano Chimborazo looming over a broad Andean plane.
But the print produced by the Paris workshop of F. Schoell is more than just another placid landscape. It was drawn from a painting created by Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), the German naturalist whose journeys throughout Latin America led him to develop the revolutionary idea that species didn’t exist in isolation, that they inhabited part of a larger whole.
“View of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas,” as the print is titled, captures such an environment. It is on view in “Visual Voyages: Images of Latin American Nature From Columbus to Darwin,” at the Huntington Library, an exhibition that seeks to be a corrective on the stories we tell about art and science in colonial Latin America.
For much of Western history, the conventional wisdom has been that scientific discovery mainly took place within the confines of nations such as England, Germany and Italy. But the Spanish colonization of the Americas resulted in unprecedented research and sophisticated levels of knowledge cultivation and image-making.
“There is this idea that the only people who were making scientific discoveries about the natural world in that period
were doing it in Europe and that it had nothing to do with Latin America or the Spanish world,” says exhibition curator Daniela Bleichmar. That is simply not true.
Even as colonization proved disastrous for the continent’s indigenous groups, many of the artists who worked on key scientific expeditions were indigenous — and some of the work reflects a distinct fusion of European and pre-Columbian tradition and thought.
“The production of art and the people who did that were much more diverse than has been credited,” Bleichmar says.
Part of the Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA series of exhibitions around Southern California, “Visual Voyages” has dozens of rare objects — including one-of-akind codices, prints and curious maps. Bleichmar tells the stories behind five of these, including a painting she describes as “bilingual.”
A f irst pineapple
“Visual Voyages” captures the sense of wonder many European explorers felt when they landed in the Americas and encountered plants and animals that were entirely unfamiliar. Consider the 1526 work by the Spanish explorer Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo: “Summary of the Natural History of the Indies.”
“It’s the first European book written about the nature of the Americas,” says Bleichmar. “It has a huge impact in intellectual and scholarly circles.”
Of particular note is an an illustration of a pineapple straight out of science fiction — the first drawing of a pineapple by a European.
“It’s about someone trying to depict something they have never seen before,” says the curator. “And the text is really awesome too. He’s saying, ‘Imagine describing a pineapple to someone who has never seen one? It is like taking apples and quinces. And how do you describe what it tastes like? Well, it’s better.’ And he’s like, ‘The only one of the five senses that is not pleasantly rewarded by this magnificent fruit is the sense of touch.’ It’s so earnest.”
The New World
Early depictions of the Americas by Europeans were filled with awe, but were also rife with stereotype and violence. A key work is the early 17th century print by the Netherlandish printmaker Jan van der Straet that shows the Italian navigator Americo Vespucci — for whom the Americas are named — landing on the shores of the New World.
“It’s so interesting and so troubling,” says Bleichmar. “There’s a man, there’s a woman. He’s standing, she’s laying down. He’s clothed, she is not. He has instruments of science and religion; she is exotic and natural. He is protected, she is practically saying, ‘Take me.’ It’s so transparent.”
“There is a verse ... saying that it’s ‘Vespucci arriving in the Americas’ and that ‘he calls her with his own name and she arises.’ The idea is he conjures her into being and takes possession with his name.”
A bilingual painting
The colonization of the Americas required an unprecedented mapping operation of the landscape. To achieve this, the Spanish crown sent questionnaires to new settlements with a list of details that needed to be recorded. “There are dozens of these questionnaires and dozens of these maps,” Bleichmar says.
In “Visual Voyages” is a poignant map of the settlement of Guaxtepec (today Oaxtepec), located south of present-day Mexico City. It marks elements of the natural landscape and human settlement. And the work, painted by an unknown indigenous artist in 1580, offers a hybrid worldview.
“You have all of the estancias, and they are all shown in the style of the Europeans,” Bleichmar says. “But the way of depicting water is coming straight from indigenous painting traditions. You see irrigation canals. You see this technology. And at the bottom you see a walled garden: Guaxtepec was famous because it was where Moctezuma had a garden, an orchard.
“If you look at the center, you see ‘Guaxtepec’ written in alphabetic Spanish. But you also see this hill with plants coming out of it. That’s the indigenous way of writing ‘Guaxtepec.’ ”
“The artist is pictorially bilingual,” she adds. “They have both artistic languages. That is so powerful.”
An American school
In 1783, the Spanish physician and naturalist José Celestino Mutis launched a three-decade expedition in the Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America (present-day Colombia and Venezuela). To record the region’s flora, Mutis had a team of 60 artists based in Bogotá who created almost 7,000 exquisite renderings of palms, trees, grasses and flowers (such as the heliconia depicted on E1).
“There are other expeditions,” says Bleichmar, “but nothing compares to this one.”
In those days, specimens (dead ones) were shipped to Europe and painted there. Mutis realized that the best interpretations of nature came from the indigenous people who knew it best and had studied it for centuries.
So he established a drawing school in Bogotá to train artists for this purpose. The resulting drawings are far more evocative than anything done in Europe.
“They are taking European ideas and finding the local idiom,” explains Bleichmar. “The colors ... and the details are incredible.”
Two world views
On view in the show is one of the most important works to emerge from Mexico during the period of colonization: Spanish friar Bernardino de Sahagún’s “Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España” — which translates to “General History of the Things of New Spain” and is otherwise known as the “Florentine codex.” (It resides in the Laurentian Library in Florence, Italy.)
Its three volumes, written in both Spanish and Nahuatl (the Aztec language) in the 16th century, offer a European and indigenous view of the world. Sahagún worked with indigenous scholars to create a record of the region’s daily life and natural history.
“They are men educated in this super-elite school created for the indigenous elite,” Bleichmar says. “They are highly educated in the European tradition. They speak Spanish and Latin. They also speak Nahuatl. They are the super scholars of the time. And they go and ask questions of older indigenous people on every aspect of native history, culture, life, everything.”
The “Historia General” has sections on religious beliefs, societal structures and medicinal plants — containing specialized information about topics as specific as women’s health.
“Part of what’s fascinating is that it’s bilingual,” Bleichmar. “It’s written in Nahuatl and Spanish. But the texts aren’t literal translations. It’s the Spanish take on something and the Nahuatl take on something. So if you [want] a take on a culture with no written records, this is an incredible record.”
‘Visual Voyages: Images of Latin American Nature From Columbus to Darwin’ Where: Huntington Library, 1151 Oxford Road, San Marino When: Through Jan. 8 Info: huntington.org