Take a trip, buy a carbon credit
Travelers can purchase offsets to ease consciences. Does it help the environment?
Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg has once again been sailing across the Atlantic, and travelers everywhere are being reminded: There’s never been a more depressing time to fly.
That’s not just because of shrinking seats. With air transit accounting for 2% to 2.5% of global carbon dioxide emissions, travelers are having to weigh their consciences against their desire to see the planet in all its (thawing) glory.
For most people, buying carbon offsets is far more realistic than hitching a transatlantic ride on a yacht or never flying at all. But do they work? The answer is as murky as jet fuel.
A carbon credit is defined as a unit that funds the removal of 1 metric ton of carbon from the environment. Depending on the project your credit is funding, the price of that unit can fluctuate widely: Protecting forest is far more affordable, so credits cost less than those for building clean cooking stoves in developing countries, for instance.
But the system has plenty of flaws. In an expose she published in May, ProPublica reporter Lisa Song found that many offset projects don’t deliver on the gains they promise, instead functioning as ineffective passes for companies and consumers to increase their carbon footprint, guilt-free. “If the world were graded on the historic reliability of carbon offsets, the result would be a solid F,” Song wrote.
On an individual level, contributions funded by credits can sit in a coffer until they reach a critical threshold; by then, the project they were meant to fund might have al
ready been completed (or have been axed). Multiple companies can raise credits for the same projects, with all counting reductions as their own successes — a “double counting” effect. A project’s potential to remove carbon can be overestimated.
It gets even more complicated. Forestry credits may seem the most straightforward: Plant or protect a tree to suck up atmospheric carbon. But they can have poor transparency. (Would those trees still be standing if you hadn’t donated?)
Harmful side effects can occur too; bamboo is a fastgrowing, effective carbon sink, but it’s also an invasive species. Some projects operate on a for-profit basis. Some agencies take exorbitant fees.
And because these are just worst practices, none of that takes into consideration best practices, which include engaging local communities and creating social benefits. In the developing world, for instance, improved cookstoves can avert the use of timber for kindling, thereby slowing deforestation and improving the quality of life (in health and time spent gathering materials) for their beneficiaries.
Figuring out how to offset is just as fraught as figuring how much.
“You can put the same flight route into different carbon calculators and come up with an extraordinary range in output levels,” said George MorganGrenville, founder of luxury tour outfit Red Savannah, which this month kicked off a long-term plan to carbonneutralize its internal operations and offset its clients’ adventures.
That’s because a lot of factors can change your footprint as you fly from Point A to Point B, including which cabin you’re sitting in, what type of airplane you’re on, whether your route is direct, and how much luggage you carry.
Luckily, it’s getting easier to cut through all this noise.
“We want to bring transparency to an otherwise unregulated market,” said Jodi Manning, who oversees travel partnerships as vice president and director of marketing at Cool Effect, a nonprofit crowdfunding platform for vetted carbon projects.
Three months ago, Manning overhauled the company’s 2-year-old travel calculator, allowing consumers to clearly see — in just three clicks — how much it would cost to offset a flight, and where that money would go. “We need to make sure our buyer understands how much is going to the projects and how much is going to the fee.”
The new features help travelers see that offsetting flights can be both affordable and effective — just $10 for a medium-haul ticket — and they have multiplied individual donations sevenfold.
It also helps that Cool Effect has excellent documentation on each project it funds, whether it’s building wind turbines in Costa Rica or American Indian-run methane-capture initiatives in Colorado.
“We firmly believe that every ton matters,” Manning said. “If we could get 50% of people who get on a plane to offset 1 ton, we would get a gigaton. That’s where we need to be, what we need to reduce, to keep from reaching 2 degrees Celsius” — the global warming threshold at which scientists say many of the worst effects of climate change could be avoided.
Another of Manning’s recent successes is a partnership with Ensemble Travel Group, a consortium of 760 luxury oriented travel agents, who now embed Cool Effect’s calculator into their digital platforms. Although this falls short of simply adding the minimal cost of offsetting to each booked trip, it’s still notable as the first partnership of its kind — one deployed at global scale.
Morgan-Grenville at Red Savannah hopes to make offsetting mandatory and is working on ways to absorb some of the cost and to educate consumers about ponying up the rest.
For now, his clients’ flights will be run through a carbon calculator that factors for cabin class and f light length; his most loyal customers will have the equivalent amount of offset money donated straight to Rainforest Trust. Other clients, who aren’t part of the company’s official loyalty program, will be prompted to make such a donation on their own accord.
Why Rainforest Trust? The nonprofit litigates land rights for indigenous forestdwelling communities in Brazil and other countries — people who are increasingly being bought off their tracts by loggers. It has a mystery donor matching every donation through 2020.
“It makes us feel like we’re offsetting each flight twice,” Morgan-Grenville said.
There is an extreme alternative to all this: Stop flying as much as possible.
“Offsetting travel is simply ‘greenwashing,’ ” said Genevieve Guenther, director of End Climate Silence and an affiliate professor at the New School in New York, who has drastically cut back on her flying by attending conferences digitally and spending the bulk of her free time within drivable distances. “If we want to address the central problem, we have to transform our idea of what a vacation looks like.”
“It’s not easy,” Guenther said. “In fact, it’s miserable.”
Sure, she’d love to go see family and friends in Denmark, but she believes it’s her obligation to not fly. It’s about cutting a privilege out of her life, rather than adding in something prohibitively expensive, such as the electric vehicle she owns.
“Even if we all stopped flying, we wouldn’t stop global warming,” she acknowledged. For that, we need civic engagement and political change — but she said that for her: “The only ethical travel is slow travel that doesn’t put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.”
If that doesn’t align with your worldview, you can still prioritize the positive downstream effects of travel.
“Let’s begin by putting the travel industry in context,” Morgan-Grenville said. “We are, by no means, the major sinner — travel accounts for 10.4% of the global [gross domestic product] and 1 in 10 jobs globally — as well as 1 in 5 of all newly created jobs in the last five years.”
Flying coach, going nonstop and packing lightly all help lessen carbon emissions. And although biofuels and synthetics are still very much experimental, airlines such as United and Delta are making great strides and might earn loyalty for those efforts. Swiss International Air Lines has just launched an initiative allowing passengers to pay a small premium to increase the percentage of synthetic fuel used on its flights.
“Of all the things that are affecting climate change, aviation is not the one that keeps me up at night as much,” said Jonathan Foley, executive director of Project Drawdown, a research organization that reviews and ranks sustainability solutions based on potential impact. (Airplanes rank No. 43 on its list; refrigerant management is No. 1.)
Items of greater impact that we can tackle, both in travels and at home, he said, include fast fashion and food waste. Production and waste costs associated with these industries are far more consequential than jet fuel.
You can also choose carefully where you go.
Booking a safari on a community-owned concession in Kenya might contribute to high-ranking Project Drawdown concerns such as indigenous peoples’ land management, for instance.
“Stay at a beautiful farm that’s focusing on regenerative agriculture, a place changing the way that ranching is done, an eco-hotel that makes a climate lesson relevant to a trip in New York City,” Foley said.
Ultimately he sees travel as a force for good, rather than as a doomsday contributor.
“Martin Luther King Jr. didn’t go around talking about his nightmares; he talked about his dreams,” Foley said. “As climate activists, shouldn’t our dreams be about beautiful things that enrich the world, rather than destroying it?”