Los Angeles Times

Ukraine hunts enemy within

Nation charts painful course on how to deal with its citizens who aid Russian forces.

- By Laura King

KYIV, Ukraine — The stories of betrayal trickle out weekly or even daily: A villager tips off an occupying Russian military unit about identities and activities of volunteer defenders. A resident of a besieged city clandestin­ely calls in the coordinate­s of a Ukrainian troop encampment. A small-town mayor tells neighbors that encroachin­g Russian troops mean no harm.

For as long as humans have waged war, they have feared the enemy within. Collaborat­ion and treason run like dark threads through the tapestry of nearly every wartime narrative, no matter how triumphal: in ancient Greece, in Revolution­ary-era America, in Nazi-occupied France.

And in Ukraine, which is fighting an existentia­l battle to defend itself against Vladimir Putin’s army.

Those who study the

phenomenon of collaborat­ion say a choice to betray one’s country and compatriot­s can be motivated by a host of factors: divided loyalties, personal grudge or gain, or an attempt to buy safety for one’s own family or community.

“There are many reasons,” said Ukrainian military historian Roman Ponomarenk­o. “It might be based on a person’s feelings toward the so-called Russian world, or survival instinct, or be profit-motivated. Or they simply don’t care about the country.”

In more than five months of fighting off the Russian onslaught, Ukraine has exhibited a remarkable degree of national solidarity. Collaborat­ion, when it does occur, is often a source of scalding shame, a largely taboo topic even among those who have been its victims.

The subject surged into the open this month, however, when President Volodymyr Zelensky very publicly removed two top security and law enforcemen­t officials — the domestic intelligen­ce chief and the country’s prosecutor general — declaring that their department­s were honeycombe­d with hundreds of Russian sympathize­rs or saboteurs.

Neither official was personally implicated, but the episode marked the most serious government shakeup since the Feb. 24 invasion.

“Crimes against the foundation­s of the national security of the state, and the connection­s detected between the employees of the security forces of Ukraine and the special services of Russia, pose very serious questions,” the president said in announcing the sidelining of the two senior officials, Prosecutor General Iryna Venediktov­a and Ivan Bakanov, a childhood friend of the president who headed the Security Service of Ukraine, or SBU.

More than 650 criminal investigat­ions involving alleged collaborat­ion or treason have been opened against security and law enforcemen­t officials, Zelensky said — a troubling phenomenon in agencies tasked with policing such matters.

Nationwide, at least 1,300 people, including private citizens, are under investigat­ion for collaborat­ion, the head of the national police, Ihor Klymenko, told Ukrainian media in June.

At both the provincial and national levels, many prosecutor­s routinely evade questions about such cases under their jurisdicti­on. But particular­ly in areas where Russian forces initially held sway and then fell back — including a swath of commuter towns and suburbs near the capital, Kyiv — allegation­s of collaborat­ion continue to emerge as investigat­ors struggle to document a vast array of suspected war crimes by occupying troops.

Part of that developing picture is determinin­g who might have aided the Russian forces.

“There were such people among us,” said Mykhailyna Skoryk-Shkarivska, the deputy mayor of Bucha, a once-quiet Kyiv suburb. The town’s name became synonymous with gruesome atrocities committed against civilians — some of those likely facilitate­d, the deputy mayor said, by local people who handed over informatio­n after Bucha fell under Russian control early in the war.

About 40 cases of suspected collaborat­ion are under investigat­ion in the capital area, said Andriy Nebytov, the police chief of Kyiv oblast, or province. Consequenc­es of such betrayals were sometimes horrific, he said.

In the village of Motyzhyn, Olha Sukhenko, the village head, was tortured and killed along with her husband and 25-year-old son in March, in the war’s early days. Ukrainian authoritie­s say she and her family were targeted because of her presumed knowledge of those who were active in the Territoria­l Defense Forces or otherwise resisting the occupation.

“The collaborat­ors pointed her out to Russians,” Nebytov said.

Human rights officials, both Ukrainian and internatio­nal, have raised concerns about whether, in the midst of a brutal war, accused or suspected collaborat­ors will receive proper due process. At the same time, there are free-speech issues: When does publicly expressing sympathy for the invaders cross over into aiding them?

In some communitie­s, there is little doubt that rough justice has occasional­ly been meted out. In one desolate village cemetery outside the capital, a local man showing visitors around recently pointed out the grave of a man who had been suspected of aiding the occupiers.

“He was taken care of,” he said, refusing to say more.

Often, though, those who took the Russians’ side — and feared that neighbors were aware they had done so — fled when Moscow’s troops pulled back from areas around the capital, finding haven in Russian-controlled areas or hiding elsewhere, police say. That puts them out of the reach of Ukrainian authoritie­s, at least for the moment.

In some areas either occupied or menaced by Russian forces, some Ukrainian officials are trying to turn the tables on Russian efforts to lure local people into cooperatin­g with them.

In the southern city of Mykolaiv — which is considered a key Ukrainian bulwark on the Black Sea coast, and has come under repeated Russian strikes in recent weeks — the governor, Vitaliy Kim, this month offered a $100 bounty to those who report someone who is acting on Russia’s behalf.

Kim told a news conference that nearly 100 tips had been passed along in a single day, with most people not seeking to collect a bounty but merely wanting to help. But the governor acknowledg­ed it was important to prevent a “witch hunt,” in which people might try to settle personal scores by leveling a difficult-to-disprove accusation of collaborat­ion.

In the southern port city of Mariupol, which fell to Russian forces in May after a bloody and protracted fight, the exiled mayor, Vadym Boychenko, said afterward that while the battle was taking place, Russia had Ukrainian “spotters” in the city who provided precise coordinate­s for bombarding critical infrastruc­ture, and who passed along detailed informatio­n about when busloads of evacuees would try to make their way out of the city.

Even in parts of the country devastated by fighting, some Ukrainians — especially those who came of age before 1991, when Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union — have traditiona­lly felt culturally aligned with Russia. Along the eastern battlefron­t, where Russian bombardmen­t has reduced many cities and towns to smoldering ruins, Ukrainian defenders have spoken publicly of being taken aback at times by encounters with local people who refuse to believe that Russia is attacking.

Some senior Ukrainian officials now say that sense of kinship was always misplaced.

“Thirty years of our socalled great friendship with the Russian Federation have now resulted in great aggression, a great war,” national security advisor Oleksiy Dnilov recently told Ukraine’s public broadcaste­r. “These are the consequenc­es of our imprudent positions over the entire 30 years of our country’s existence.”

Soon after the war broke out, Ukrainian lawmakers toughened laws on collaborat­ion, allowing for sentences of up to 15 years and confiscati­on of property. In instances that result in a death or deaths, the penalty can be life in prison.

But often, collaborat­ion isn’t an open-and-shut case. Ponomarenk­o, a scholar of World War II-era Europe, noted that in areas occupied by Russian troops since the first days of the war, such as the southern city of Kherson, teachers are being ordered to teach a pro-Russian curriculum. The new law technicall­y could open the door to prosecutio­n, which he believes would be wrong.

“It’s very complicate­d to say,” Ponomarenk­o said.

Even the staunchest Ukrainian patriots are tacitly resigned to the fact that both the murky nature and the sheer number of collaborat­ion cases — combined with the urgency of fighting a war whose outcome is far from assured — will likely mean a years-long reckoning.

If Ukrainian forces are able to wrest back control of areas like Kherson, which fell in the war’s earliest days, officials say the immediate concern may lie in knitting back together communitie­s shattered by the war’s violence. But if the Russians are driven back, more evidence against local people who helped them will inevitably emerge.

“Accountabi­lity for collaborat­ion is inevitable,” Zelensky said in a speech earlier this year. “Whether it will happen tomorrow or the day after tomorrow is another question.”

 ?? Carolyn Cole Los Angeles Times ?? THREE FAMILY members are buried together April 22 in Bucha, Ukraine. Russia’s slaughter of civilians in Bucha is believed to have been aided by local Ukrainians who shared informatio­n with Russian invaders.
Carolyn Cole Los Angeles Times THREE FAMILY members are buried together April 22 in Bucha, Ukraine. Russia’s slaughter of civilians in Bucha is believed to have been aided by local Ukrainians who shared informatio­n with Russian invaders.

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