The Learning Recovery
Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona talks about what schools will need to bounce back from the pandemic
Education Secretary Miguel Cardona on America’s Schools
Miguel Cardona started out as a public school teacher, was later named principal of the year in Connecticut, and eventually served as the state’s education commissioner before being confirmed as President Biden’s Secretary of Education. Newsweek spoke to him about the challenges facing students and parents as the country emerges from the pandemic.
American Federation of Teachers President Randi Weingarten said she wants to see schools opened for five days a week of in-person learning and you tweeted in support of her view. Can you share your stance on opening schools this fall?
What I supported was the fact that a lot of people are saying teachers don’t want schools open, but that’s absolutely not the case. Teachers want schools open safely.
I had a meeting with the entire staff [recently] and I was sharing with them that last June, July in Connecticut we had to make a tough decision. We had to make a decision based on a minuscule set of data around transmission rates because the pandemic was two or three months old. We were looking at flu transmission rates and how it spreads to make decisions on how we’re thinking about reopening schools.
Whatever decision I made back then it was going to impact my kids, it’s going to affect my wife who worked in the school. But we made the decision there, working with our health partners, that if we follow the mitigation strategy, there’s always going to be a risk when you walk out of your house, but we can reduce it to provide an opportunity for them to be in school in person.
So that was June of 2020 .... I’m at the point now where I’m feeling that with all the data we have, the science and transmission rates, the president’s push on vaccinations, what we know about COVID-19, it’s our obligation to give students an in-person option.
Last June, I was like, “Let’s do this, parents. If you don’t want to do it, we respect your decision. We’re not going to judge, this is uncharted territory.” A year later, we know enough about it to ease the fears and provide safe learning environments for students to learn and educators to work. So I doubled down on my language and my expectation on [reopening all schools] because without it some kids are coming in more than others and gaps are getting worse, so we have an obligation to call that out and address it.
A recent AFT, NAACP, League of United Latin American Citizens poll found that while 73 percent of parents are comfortable with in-person learning this fall, only 59 percent of Black parents are comfortable. How do you go about squaring this?
I appreciate that question. There are three big buckets right there. Number one, in Black and Brown communities and dense communities, the impact hit harder. In some communities, people know somebody that might’ve gotten it and they’re fine. In urban communities or Black and Brown communities, I know people that died from it. I’ve seen the impact it had on Black and Brown families. And there’s an increased level of trauma.
Secondly, the hybrid model is not an option for families who can’t work from home. There’s a level of inconvenience for some of these families who can’t say yes to in-person learning on Monday and Wednesday week one, Tuesday and Thursday week two. It doesn’t work, it’s all or nothing. So there’s a level of inflexibility that the hybrid provides for working families in many of our Black and Brown communities.
Lastly, there’s a level of concern, “I’m not ready to send my children back.” I’ve heard from some families,
“My kids are doing better. They were having issues in school before. I didn’t feel like that school was embracing them before, I’m not rushing to send them back.” That’s a smaller number, but the convenience and fact that they’ve experienced trauma in a different way, we need to respect and address that with different strategies.
During your first speech as nominee for education secretary you said you’re bilingual and bicultural: “As American as apple pie and rice and beans.” How does your background inform the kind of leader you are and how you view the American education system?
Being bicultural and bilingual gave me an opportunity growing up to code switch, culture switch, understanding how people do things differently, but it doesn’t mean badly. If anything, you add value to the conversation. So I chose those words, “As American as apple pie and rice and beans” to illustrate the beauty of this country, the richness of this country, its diversity. My lived experience allows me to come here and look at things from different perspectives, but also to understand how important it is to embrace that. Especially as we come back from what I perceive to be a time in our country’s history where we’ve seen greater division and greater separation. We need to be intentional about embracing differences under one flag, under one purpose.
“I learned as much about Black history from Nas and KRS-ONE as I did from any book I picked up.”
In 2000, students in the U.S. were only 16 percent Latino, but now more than one in four students in K-12 are Hispanic. That means that Latino education is increasingly U.S. education when it comes to preparing America’s kids for the future. What does that mean for how you approach
improving education?
It reminds me of some of the conversations I’ve had with educators and principals and superintendents in my career. Every teacher is an EL teacher, English-learners are part of the schools. They’re such a big part of the schools now that looking at it almost as if it’s a separate department is an antiquated mental model. We need to look at it as every school needs to be experts in how to teach the English language and understand the culture of the students they serve. Because that’s such a growing number, it’s really important that we think about how we’re providing opportunities for our Latino students to look at themselves as educators.
We have to make sure we’re acknowledging the contributions of Latinos so students see themselves in the curriculum and are more engaged in their learning. Going back to that quote, it’s an American thing, they’re American. So it’s really important that we recognize—people like me—we’re second generation, we embrace our Latino-ness, but I was born here.
pandemic relief grants. What do you say to people who say my family isn’t undocumented or international, so why should they get this type of benefit during a pandemic?
It’s about recovery for our country, right? And the pandemic didn’t discriminate. It didn’t discriminate against students. So when we’re talking about lifting our country back, we also need to make sure that “all” means “all.” That all students are able to benefit from it.
Betsy Devos would not affirm the 1982 case Plyler v. Doe that said undocumented children are entitled to a public school education. Do you?
I believe “all” means “all.” So when there are students that are here that need to be educated, we have an obligation. Whether or not that means they have different rights, I’ll leave that to others. But when it comes to education, every student should get an education when they’re here.
One recent change you made from the Trump era was making undocumented and international college students eligible to receive
“We say that the laptop is the new pencil, connectivity is no longer a privilege. It’s no longer a cool thing to have.’’
You launched a major outreach campaign to 6.5 million Pell Grant recipients providing a monthly discount on broadband internet service under a temporary FCC program. You said “the pandemic has magnified issues of internet access and affordability for both K-12 students and college students, particularly students of color, students in rural or tribal communities and students from low-income families.” Can you talk about the similarities between low-income families in urban and rural areas and
how reliable internet access is a lifeblood of learning in 2021 and beyond?
We say that the laptop is the new pencil, connectivity is no longer a privilege. It’s no longer a cool thing to have. I know from my own children, if they didn’t have connectivity, not only would they not be able to access basic learning, but parents wouldn’t have any way to communicate with the school, especially during the pandemic. What I learned was our rural community was hit hardest. Going back to the rescue plan, when I say some students were hit harder, we need to include students in rural communities where their only access to school would be through the internet. And when we have two or three kids sitting at home using the diminished bandwidth, how much learning has actually taken place, how much interaction is taking place? We should be able to fix this. It was magnified by the pandemic, but we know now what we need to do and the funding is there.
You’ve said classroom lessons should function as a “window, a mirror, and a sliding door” so children can see themselves reflected in what they’re being taught. From the 1619 Project, which Senate Minority Leader Mitch Mcconnell assailed in a letter to you, to critical race theory which has been criticized by conservatives, what level of importance do you give to teaching a diverse view of history that may have partisan detractors?
It was Dr. Rudine Sims Bishop that coined that term “windows, mirrors, and sliding glass doors.” I want to give her credit.
As a Latino growing up, I learned about [18th century Black American author] Benjamin Banneker through KRS-ONE. I learned as much about Black history from Nas and KRS-ONE as I did from any book I picked up. It wasn’t until I found a Puerto Rico course in college that I learned about my own roots. That’s unacceptable. Then we wonder why kids are not engaged in school, why children of color don’t see themselves. I was having a conversation at dinner [recently] with Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland and we were talking about Native Americans, Indigenous culture, and how students don’t see themselves, or they’re omitted from books.
It’s almost like devaluing our students. I argue it’s as important for a white student to learn about the diverse cultures, diverse history of our country, as it is for students that are Latino or have that culture. It’s good for everyone.
It’s becoming partisan because it’s very hard to find anything else to complain about when we’re putting billions of dollars into schools to help them reopen and talking about providing four years of additional schooling for free, because we know community college graduates have 21 percent higher earning potential. We know a foundation of quality programs for three- and fouryear-olds addresses disparities that are exacerbated in elementary and middle school years. So to be honest with you, it’s disappointing that it has come to that.