Echoes of the sacred
Holy sites in Thessaloniki, Greece, are mix of interconnected religions
THESSALONIKI, Greece — Under fluttering strings of Greek and Byzantine flags, three men raised a party tent on the terrace of the 5th-century Osios David church one recent Saturday, hoping it would shelter festivalgoers from the heat that already shrouded the view of Mount Olympus across the gulf.
That’s Thessaloniki in a snapshot — a seaside trove of early Christian art and architecture, with echoes of the sacred all around the city, from the mythical mountain home of the ancient Greek gods to the contemporary Orthodox Christian monasticism of Mount Athos.
Pervasive if more hidden traces of Islam and Judaism also persist, even though many monuments were destroyed in a 1917 fire.
“People see the (archeological) ruins next to them, but no one knows the diverse history,” said Angeliki Ziaka, a professor of religion at Thessaloniki’s Aristotle University. “Now is the time to rebuild this knowledge, to find the intermarriage of cultures.”
Each of the last six years, I’ve spent time in and around Greece’s second-largest metropolis, which bubbles with the energy of a city historically at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, halfway between Athens and Istanbul.
I find Thessaloniki walkable even in the summer heat, thanks to an inexhaustible supply of coffee frappes and the sea breezes off the Thermaic Gulf.
Overlooking its waters is the iconic White Tower.
Simple meandering leads to monuments woven into today’s urban fabric: Going to buy roses at the flower market, I discovered next to it a 500-year-old bathhouse (hammam) built by the Ottomans in the multidomed style of Byzantine architecture and named Yahudi Hammam, after the Sephardic Jews who settled here.
The hammams and the still-functioning markets were for centuries the mingling places for the city’s Jews, Muslims and Christians, who lived in separate neighborhoods, Ziaka said.
During centuries of Muslim Ottoman domination — a legacy perhaps most immediately visible in today’s profusion of coffee shops — Thessaloniki was the refuge of a thriving Jewish community. Its history, told by the Jewish Museum, will be further spotlighted in a Holocaust museum and education center that’s in the works.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, most Muslims lived in the Ano Poli, a quiet warren of walled gardens, houses with overhanging upper floors detailed in wood, and steep streets climbing to a hilltop fortress.
But more than a millennium before the Ottoman conquest, it was here that St. Paul first brought Christianity to the Thessalonians — to whom he later wrote some of Christendom’s most widely read letters.
Churches dating from across the centuries when Thessaloniki was a center of the Byzantine Empire
still dot the landscape.
Down a tiny alleyway that opens to a spectacular sea view, diminutive Osios David preserves in its cupola a 1,600-year-old mosaic of Christ presiding over fish-filled rivers, with two Old Testament prophets looking on.
Frescoes from the 12th century adorn the walls, though the city’s most outstanding mural paintings are at Agios Nikolaos Orfanos, another small Ano Poli church. Their colors still vivid after 700 years, they portray the lives of Jesus, prophets and saints in minute and individual details, such as one hermit’s flowing beard and matching striped tunic and cap.
Just downhill from the church is the Rotunda, a capsule of Thessaloniki’s interconnected religious
history. The vast circular building was constructed as a Roman temple or mausoleum in the 300s, shortly after became a Christian church, later on a mosque and is now a museum and a sanctuary for dozens of swifts that fly chirping around it.
Liturgy is still celebrated a dozen times a year, but most visitors come for the early Byzantine golden mosaics adorning the immense dome, portraying a fusion of Roman architecture and Christian worship with people praying in front of the empire’s most luxurious buildings.
From the worshippers’ distinctive coiffures to the curtains billowing in the pavilions behind them, it’s a slice of early Christianity come alive — the beginning of a religious story that
continues uninterrupted to this day, as in the woman kissing icons around the corner at Agios Panteleimon, a church built in the late 13th century and still actively used.
Its precise brickwork, exuberance of domes and rounded windows and niches — and its location in a garden full of oleander bushes surrounded by cafe terraces — makes it quintessential Thessaloniki.
In the fertile plains to the west are vestiges of the city’s founding dynasty — that of Alexander the Great, born in ancient Pella and celebrated in its museum and excavations.
Less than an hour’s drive away, the Museum of the Royal Tombs at Aigai takes you underground into a reconstruction of the burial mounds of Alexander’s
father and other royals. In the exhibit halls, artwork like a crown of nearly 400 gold oak leaves and acorns shines blindingly.
So does the sun on the beaches of Halkidiki, the peninsula extending into the Aegean Sea to the southeast of Thessaloniki.
From the pine-topped, white rock formations of Kavourotrypes Beach, I can see holy Mount Athos across the bay.
Through binoculars, I even make out several of its Orthodox Christian monasteries, part of a complex dating back to the Byzantine era where about 2,000 monks live.
Since women are barred from stepping foot on Mount Athos, though we can approach on boat tours, I sip another frappe before diving into the sea.