Bitcoin’s backing tech helps refugees
Blockchain keeps detailed records of international aid
LONDON — In the Za’atari refugee camp in Jordan, Amar Al-Eid heads toward the checkout of the food distribution store carrying supplies for his two children. The shopkeeper raises a black box to his face and scans the Syrian refugee’s iris. The transaction goes through, and a day’s rations are secured.
The data technology that underpins virtual currencies such as bitcoin now is used to deliver aid more efficiently by dramatically lowering the risk of bribes and fraud by local officials — a huge, longstanding problem in the industry. The so-called blockchain keeps a record of all transactions and buyers, making sure recipients such as AlEid get their goods without the added costs of graft or bank transfer fees. And donors can track the use of their aid money, all the way to the refugee family it helps survive.
“It’s a very easy process, and it doesn’t have any complications,” says Al-Eid, before taking the food off to his family.
The United Nations’ World Food Programme has been testing the use of blockchain technology since 2017 to manage aid for more than 100,000 refugees in camps in Jordan, which hosts more than 740,000 people from neighboring countries including wartorn Syria. It aims to extend it to 500,000 refugees by the end of March. Other international organizations, including the World Bank, UNICEF and the Red Cross, are looking at ways to implement blockchain into their own projects.
Blockchain is an online ledger of transactions spread across a global network of computers that use their processing power to verify any changes. It is most famous for being used to support virtual currencies such as bitcoin, but can in practice be used to track any system of payments or data transfers. In the refugee aid system it is testing, the U.N. does not use virtual currencies but dollars. The blockchain technology helps it know where every cent is, from the moment it is donated to when it is spent on a physical good.
And that can mean huge savings.
Former U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has said that in 2011, some 30 percent of aid donations — about $40 billion, according to one estimate — failed to reach intended recipients because middlemen skimmed some off the top and corrupt officials often took a cut.
Ultimately, the system helps those who receive the money by making more of it available and reduces the concern among donors that their money actually will be used for the intended purpose.
“We have this rapid ability to understand where our money is throughout the process,” says Gustav Stromfelt, one of the project managers working on the WFP’s program. “It improves the transparency, accountability and communication across the board.”
Because the data is spread across so many computers, a thief would have to take control of the entire network — potentially thousands of terminals — to fudge the numbers and make off with the money. That would require an enormous amount of computing power, so it wouldn’t be profitable.
That doesn’t mean smaller thefts can’t occur. So far in 2018, about $1 billion worth of virtual currencies backed by blockchain has been stolen, according to cybersecurity firm Carbon Black. But these thefts typically are carried out through hacks of the end users by, for example, entering the email account of a person to get their passwords to open their virtual currency accounts and take the money. The thieves do not take control of the blockchain system. It is like comparing pickpocketing to entering a bank vault.
The blockchain doesn’t use middlemen such as Western Union or PayPal, meaning the costs of transferring money are reduced by 98 percent for users including the WFP. That translates to savings of more than $40,000 per month for the U.N. agency.
Smaller charities also are testing blockchain.
Last year, the Londonbased homeless charity St. Mungo’s tested a blockchain platform to monitor the use of donations and prove they were being spent on improving the recipients’ lives. Only then would more donations be released.
The data also can help make aid more efficient by tailoring the service to the needs. For example, in one project in Tanzania, the blockchain system could show that a particular woman regularly visited the local doctor once a week to buy medicine for her child. So when she missed an appointment, the charity, AidTech, had a social worker bring the medicine to her the following morning.
“We’re able to show more data on the first two women using the platform than the organization could with over 10,000 women when they were using a paperbased system. That means we can be far more responsive,” said Joseph Thompson, founder of AidTech.
The system has its downsides. In practical terms, having aid released only upon an iris scan means a busy mother, say, would not be able to ask her child to go get the aid rations for her.
The way the transactions are verified also can be patronizing. The blockchain aid for the homeless, for example, ensures the money is used for productive purposes such as shelter rather than alcohol or drugs, implying a lack of trust that can be degrading for the receiver.
And there are broader questions about privacy rights, as the data can track the actions of individuals. While personal details such as names are encrypted, the record of transactions is viewable to anyone with access to the blockchain. The issue is all the more delicate when the people tracked are vulnerable, such as stateless refugees.
Some U.N. officials are aware of these risks, and there is a debate about whether to ramp up its use across aid and development projects.
“We will not store any sensitive personal data (on the blockchain), especially of such a vulnerable population as refugees, with a technology that still needs to prove its merits,” says Karl Steinacker, a deputy director at the U.N. refugee agency.
For Al-Eid, such questions are secondary while he tries to keep his family safe and nourished.
Without the donations, “people wouldn’t be able to live,” he says on his way out of the food shop. “The assistance is very good.”