I'VE BEEN IN GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS
National Park for less than an hour when I’m mistaken for a woodland fairy. Even though I’m here to witness the ethereal phenomenon of synchronous fireflies—photinus carolinus, a species famed for its ability to flash in unison—the association is surprising. After a pandemic period of virtual living, I’m feeling more like a haggard dweller of the modern world than an enchanted being. In fact, when I hear a stranger calling out from across the forest glen I’m wandering, it takes me a second to realize that she’s addressing me. She waves me over and asks again: “Are you a magical creature?”
The woman gestures toward the two young children with her and says, “We saw you walk down to the river, and then you disappeared. I told the girls you must be magical. This whole place is magical. Reminds me of Narnia or something.”
It does feel as if we’ve traveled through a portal to another realm. The woman is sitting on a porch stoop, but there’s no porch. And there’s a chimney nearby, but no house. To reach a trailhead in an area of the park known as Elkmont, we—along with hundreds of other visitors here to witness the synchronous fireflies’ light show, which generally occurs in a two-week period around early June—had to walk along an avenue of mountain cabins, abandoned after the park was formed. Remnants of the former settlement are visible everywhere, scattered among river-rounded stones and beds of fern.
In 2021, Tufts University released the first-ever comprehensive study of firefly tourism. Researchers found that, globally, one million people travel to witness firefly-related phenomena every year. Given that the synchronous fireflies of Elkmont are some of the most famous fireflies in the world—and that I live in their home region of southern Appalachia—coming across the study during lockdown made me think it was time to see these brilliant creatures.
The firefly event in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which straddles this section of Tennessee and my home state of North Carolina, draws seekers from across the continent. Years ago, the National Park Service instituted a lottery for people to secure passes, since the species’ growing popularity raised concerns about conservation. But, even with these limitations, the annual gathering isn’t a small one.
I explain to the woman that I’d dipped down to the river for a brief respite from the crowd. The woman empathizes: “It’s hard to know what to do. Know what I mean?”
Indeed, I do. It’s been hard to know what to do for a long time running. Even mundane errands have, throughout the pandemic, required abstract risk assessments. And it doesn’t seem that we’ve figured out, as a society, how to reckon with the magnitude of what we’ve been through.
I’m seeking fireflies’ bioluminescence, or living light, mainly because I’ve been spending too much time basking in the artificial illumination of screens. According to the International Dark-sky Association, 99 percent of people in the United States don’t have access to natural night anymore. Internationally, artificial light pollution is growing at a rate of 2 percent a year with no signs of slowing. It’s as if we, as a species, have grown afraid of the dark.
Since the initial shutdown, I’ve stayed up too late, acting as if the light of screens might stave off doom. I’ve fallen under the influence of phones, tablets, and computers. For several seasons now, I’ve been beating myself against screens like a moth against a light bulb, seeking entertainment that might numb me, news that might comfort me—and the process has only served to disrupt my animal instincts. Tonight, I’m hoping to break the spell that screens have cast.
Along the trail designated for firefly viewing, people have been setting up folding chairs, as if they’re waiting for a parade. They’re a diverse bunch. There are nine-month-olds and 90-year-olds. Some of them have been to the firefly viewing several times. Others are awaiting the first synchronous firefly sighting of their lives.
Firefly habitat is so specific, so mercurial, that it’s possible to see a great show from one section of the trail while another remains relatively
dark. No one, not even rangers, can predict the best seats for the evening, so people mill around until they find a spot that feels right to them. Finally, dusk comes.
When the first synchronous fireflies appear, sporadically flashing, they don’t seem, to my untrained eye, to be much different from common species that illuminate backyards across the country. But, as their numbers grow, expectant murmurs travel up and down the row of spectators. Instinctively, when hundreds of insects grow to be thousands—each appearing to light the one next to it, like a candle being passed—the crowd stands.
For a while, the insects’ rhythms remain a bit discordant, like that of an orchestra warming up. Scientists have found that the more individual fireflies participate, the more in tune they get. Before long, there are so many that it’s clear they’re working in unison. The effect isn’t a lights-on-lightsoff situation, as I’d expected; it’s more like watching a stadium wave, when members of a crowd successively lift their hands, swept into the fervor of something larger than themselves.
The insects are responding to each other’s light, working with their neighbors to find their role in the whole. From a distance, the activity appears as a shimmering current running through the forest from right to left: Whoosh.
Then, darkness. Then again, a whoosh of light.
I cannot see the face of the woman beside me, but I come to attention when she calls out “Dun, dun, dun,
dunnn,” mimicking the famous motif in Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5. “It’s like they’re playing music,” she says to someone beside her.
Despite the awkwardness of approaching strangers in the dark—even more acute these days, when many people haven’t seen their extended families outside of video calls—i pipe up, “Have you heard about how
the synchronous fireflies were originally found here?”
“Whoa, a messenger from the dark!” she says, laughing. “No, tell us!”
So, I share what I’ve read: Lynn Faust, a naturalist who used to spend summers in the now-defunct Elkmont community, grew up admiring the fireflies we’re watching. As an adult, she came across an article about synchronous fireflies in Asia, and she recognized similarities between what the scientists were reporting and what she’d seen as a child.
When she reached out, researchers were skeptical that a species unknown to science existed in the most-visited national park in the country. They asked her to imagine the flashing lights as musical notes and record their rhythm on a blank piece of sheet music. Her efforts convinced firefly scientists that they should make the trip to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where they confirmed the existence of a previously unrecorded synchronous species. This is, ultimately, how we all ended up in Elkmont, bearing witness this evening.
I can sense more people gathering around me as I’m speaking. When I finish, strangers’ voices ping to my left, to my right, from the trail behind me. Their words ring like bells. “Amazing!” says a baritone. “Fantastic!” shouts a soprano. “What, exactly, do you think they’re singing?” a man asks the crowd.
“Beyoncé! ‘All the single ladies’!” a woman says. Laughter ripples up and down the trail.
Most people in attendance seem to be familiar with the concept of firefly flashes as a function of mating. The insects we’re seeing are males, signaling to females who stay close to the ground. Scientists generally agree about the mating-related utility of fireflies’ bioluminescence, but they’ve long tussled over how, exactly, fireflies make light. It’s generally thought that illumination occurs when a firefly opens an air tube, allowing oxygen to
WE’RE WITNESSING THE GRAND FINALE OF A LONG-TERM METAMORPHOSIS.
ignite inborn organic compounds in its body. This means, in a roundabout way, that when you see a firefly light up, you’re watching it take a breath.
Collectively, the crowd gasps and sighs as fireflies flit through the forest. But, despite the dazzle, I find my eyes wandering toward the infinitely dark ground. Because, once I started researching fireflies, I came across this fact: By the time we see a firefly in flight, it has potentially been living among us for up to two years in various life stages, dimly glowing on the ground. What we’re witnessing now is the grand finale of a long-term metamorphosis. These famed fireflies have
spent much of the past year crawling around in the dark to find what they elementally needed to survive, so that their species might ultimately thrive.
These creatures have been waiting for their turn to rise. And, finally, they’ve found it. When people begin leaving the park, headed for their hotel rooms and tents, the fireflies are still working like cells of a glowing, forest-size lung.
SOMEONE SPOTS A STRANGE ORB OF LIGHT RISING FROM THE UNDERSTORY.
There are more than 2,000 known species of fireflies in the world, and 19 of those—with synchronous fireflies being the most famous—reside within the borders of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Will Kuhn, director of science and research at Discover Life in America, a nonprofit centered on biodiversity, believes there are more. “I don’t think we’ve found all the firefly species in the park,” he says. There is a chance we won’t know what we’ve got even after it’s gone. Globally, firefly populations are under assault, and the largest threats to their well-being—according to the Tufts Report—are habitat loss, pesticide use, and light pollution.
When I meet Kuhn, he’s holding court with two dozen people who’ve signed up for a synchronous firefly viewing event hosted by his organization, which often partners with universities and other research institutions. Since the founding of Discover Life in America in 1998, the group has documented more than 10,000 animal and plant species in Great Smoky Mountains National Park—and more than 1,000 of those were previously unknown to science.
We’re getting ready to travel down the mountain to Norton Creek, a private creekside habitat outside of the park. Kuhn knows the area to be home to a large population of synchronous fireflies, which have now been observed in Appalachia as far north as Pennsylvania. The group is already buzzing with questions. Many of them are here because they’ve failed to win federal lottery passes. Given that they’ve found another route to witness the synchronous phenomenon, they’re already feeling lucky.
One of the women encircling Kuhn says that she’s excited for a good show because she has only “plain old fireflies” on her farm in Ohio. Kuhn suggests that, if she does a little research, she’ll find that her region is likely home to several species, all with their own songs and longings. The most common firefly in the United States is the big dipper, but there are 150 species with specific habitats and behaviors in North America. Each of the bioluminescent species’ flash patterns is as unique as a fingerprint. And, where you find one species, there’s a good chance you’ll be able to find others nearby.
Susan George, a nurse from San Antonio, Texas, lives in the city proper, and she’s always been amazed that fireflies are tenacious enough to find homes there, in rare squares of land that have been spared from asphalt and concrete. “Sometimes, when I’m sitting out in my yard, fireflies land right on me,” she says.
The woman from Ohio nods. “When they do that,” she says, “it feels like love.”
The nurse gives a weak smile. “I’m here because, at the hospital, I work with bugs of a different kind,” she says.
“And after this year, I really needed a break.” Everyone falls silent. We are— as any group of humans might be at this point in history—a swarm of loss embodied. On Norton Creek, we’re seeking abundance.
Unfortunately, when we finally make it to the waterway, the local population of synchronous fireflies fails to greet us. There are only a few partnered dots of light. Predicting emergence dates of fireflies involves a formula of temperature patterns and other factors. But, even with careful calculation, the details of firefly metamorphosis can be difficult to predict. It’s several degrees cooler here than it has been in the Elkmont region of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The synchronous residents of Norton Creek apparently need a few more days to fully wake.
Just when it seems spirits are irretrievably waning, someone spots a strange orb of light rising from the understory. It peers at us from across the creek, blue and unblinking.
I’ve been familiar with the term “blue ghost” for years as related to my home region’s firefly attraction. Until recently, though, I didn’t understand
that synchronous fireflies and blue ghosts were different species. They have slightly different mating seasons, but these often overlap as conditions transition from evening to evening. Currently, on Norton Creek, it seems to be the blue ghost firefly population that’s peaking.
The ghost moves toward us. And it isn’t flying, it’s floating.
Soon there are carpets of light in and around the forest on all sides of us. These creatures, notable for their neon-bright color and enduring flashes—which hold for up to 60 seconds at a time—are visible demonstrations of how to breathe deeply. Their traceable flight patterns make them look as though they’re intoxicated.
As group members wander off, I find myself walking alone. But with every step I take, more fireflies reveal themselves. Blue orb-fairies, hundreds of them, appear to be following me. They’re swooping and swerving and serenading me—not as a visitor to this landscape, but as part of it.
I’ve seen the aurora borealis in the Arctic. I’ve witnessed migrations in the Serengeti, and I’ve snorkeled the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, yet I’m not sure that I’ve ever appreciated any natural phenomenon more than this marvel of Appalachia.
By the time I hear voices on the road ahead, I’ve lost all sense of time and space. In dim moonlight, I can make out half a dozen silhouettes in the distance. Kuhn’s voice is hushed. “People typically don’t walk around at night without lights on,” he says. “But it’s amazing what happens when you let your eyes adjust to the dark. When you take the time to really look.”
For weeks after I return from Tennessee, I find myself scanning meadows and creeks—not as scenic backdrops, but as habitat. Every plot of land I see is suddenly weighted with secret, golden glory. And each night, around 9:30, when I’d typically be logging on to Netflix, I get the urge to go outside to check on the local firefly population.
The High Country of North Carolina, where I live, is primed to become the next firefly tourism hot spot. In 2019, a population of synchronous fireflies was discovered near Boone, North Carolina, on Grandfather Mountain, a beloved regional attraction. The entomologist who found the species during a nocturnal stroll, taken on a whim, had been traveling a trail I’ve walked dozens of times in daylight.
The mountain is closed to night visitors, but natural resource staff members are investigating how Grandfather Mountain might host future firefly viewings without harming habitat. Surveys of synchronous populations on the mountain have led participants to find previously overlooked blue ghost populations— in locales frequented by hundreds of
thousands of visitors a year. Even my ordinary front door, on the far end of neighboring Watauga County, is a portal to a parallel universe once the sun has set, but it’s taken the pandemic for me to recognize it. My guided night walks have acted as a sort of training. Even so, it still takes me a few nights of distant firefly watching to leave the familiarity of my front porch.
This ease-in approach gives me an opportunity to correct the light pollution seeping from my house, mitigating trespasses against my bioluminescent neighbors that I hadn’t been aware I was making. I close curtains and turn off porch lights. The difference made by these small changes is staggering.
Incrementally, as the darkness around my house deepens, I move farther out. I take to sitting beyond an old chicken coop, watching what I now understand to be femme fatale fireflies winking from treetops, and big dippers plunging through meadows. One night, I decide I’m going to leave my immediate environs to explore the valley beyond. I set out for a place where fields and forest meet. When I reach a neighbor’s livestock gate—open since its last inhabitants, a family of goats, were killed by an unidentified predator—i pause, mustering the courage to enter. But, before I embark on my chosen path, I hear a rustling in the feral pasture above me.
My eyes are still adjusting. I use vestiges of twilight to trace the ragged outline of high grass. I’m on the verge of dismissing the sounds as manifestations of my anxiety when a wildcat flings itself into the sky. I see it, claw to claw, arched like a crescent moon,
nearly close enough for me to touch it.
The predator has pounced onto something I cannot see—so quickly that I hardly have time to register what’s going on. Then, from thorny bramble, the wildcat exhales in a guttural hiss. The sound slithers around me, and I yelp from the pressure of it.
I turn to run, but somewhere beyond my conscious mind, I have a vague understanding that running would trigger the animal’s prey instinct. It takes everything I have to slow my stride. I pivot to an unexpected route, keeping my pace steady.
I target the yellow pool of a distant security light, even though I know the light cannot save me. That’s when it registers: I might have set out on my firefly pilgrimage because I wanted to revel in light, but what I needed was a reconciliation with darkness.
Fireflies are light bearers, but it is the darkness between most species’ flashes that reveal their true character. Without intermittent darkness, there would be no synchronized light shows. There would be only glare. Stars are, after all, in the sky above us even at midday, but we see them only when the sun takes its leave. Because while it’s true that only light can drive out darkness, there are some forms of light that only darkness can reveal.
We live in an age that’s asking us to get comfortable with constant disruption. There will always be, as there always have been, threats beyond our line of sight. But, as we venture into the unknown, we also stand to encounter wonders yet unimaginable. I keep walking.
Half a mile from the site of my wildcat encounter, I slow my stride. Out of the corner of my eye, I see a lone firefly blinking in what appears to be a synchronous pattern. It repeats, with a dark pause that holds, beat after beat. I cannot imagine that I’ve found a synchronous firefly here, but I’m no longer willing to discount any patch of land in southern Appalachia.
Slowly, entire constellations of fireflies rise from the coal-black earth around me, twinkling with oxygen. I attempt to align with their rhythm: Inhale, light. Exhale, dark. We are breathing at this moment, in sync, on this complicated planet. And even the deepest parts of the mountain valley I’m standing in are pulsating with life, illuminated.