U.S. military uses numerous tools to name remains

NEW YORK — The U.S. military remains released by North Korea will be sent to a military lab in Hawaii, where they’ll enter a system that routinely identifies service members from decades-old conflicts.

Identifications depend on combining multiple lines of evidence, and they can take time: Even after decades, some cases remain unresolved.

Dog tags found with the remains can help, and even scraps of clothing can be traced to the material used in uniforms. Teeth can be matched with dental records. Bones can be used to estimate height. And the distinctive shape of a clavicle bone can be matched to records of X-rays taken decades ago to look for tuberculosis, said Charles Prichard, a spokesman for the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency.

If a DNA analysis is called for, samples are sent to a military DNA lab at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. Tiny samples of bone or teeth are enough to yield usable DNA, said Timothy McMahon, who oversees the Dover lab as director of Defense Department DNA Operations.

Each sample is sanded to remove surface contamination, ground to the consistency of baby powder, and then treated with a substance that dissolves the bone and leaves the DNA for analysis. That DNA is then compared with genetic samples from living people who are related to the missing.

The military has been collecting DNA from such family members since 1992, and has reached the relatives of 92 percent of the 8,100 service members who were listed as missing at the end of the Korean War, McMahon said.

The goal is to find bits of DNA in common between the known relatives and the unidentified remains, suggesting both belong to a particular lineage.

By analyzing different kinds of DNA, lab scientists can look for markers passed down by generations of women, or of men, or of both sexes. The lab once linked remains to a greatgreat-great-great-grandniece who initially had no idea she was related to the missing service member, McMahon said. The Accounting Agency identifies remains from not only the Korean War, but also World War II through the first Gulf War in Iraq. How long does it take?

If a clavicle bone can be matched to an X-ray, it might be done in just days, Prichard said. But in other cases, it can take decades. Some remains recovered from North Korea from 1990 to 2005 are still awaiting identification.

Malcolm Ritter is an Associated Press writer.