San Francisco Chronicle - (Sunday)
1960s Freedom Rider had the last word
Catherine Burks-Brooks, who as a 21-year-old Freedom Rider was among a small group of students in Nashville, Tenn., who kept the movement to desegregate public transportation in the South going after its first attempt was defeated by violence — and who boldly challenged Bull Connor, the notoriously bigoted public safety commissioner of Birmingham, Ala. — died July 3 in Birmingham. She was 83.
The cause was heart failure, said her daughter Nana Gatlin.
In 1961, it had been 15 years since the Supreme Court ruled that segregated seating on interstate buses and trains was unconstitutional. Yet Southern states continued to flout the ruling.
That year, the Congress of Racial Equality, the storied civil rights organization, devised the Freedom Rides to push back. They organized teams of riders, Black and white, to board Greyhound and Trailways buses in Washington bound for New Orleans to challenge the Jim Crow laws and dare the federal government to enforce the law of the land.
Their first action ended horribly in Alabama, where the buses were firebombed and the
riders brutally beaten. In Birmingham, Connor invited the Ku Klux Klan to meet one bus, giving the Klansmen free rein to maul the riders with iron pipes, bicycle chains and baseball bats.
Shattered by the violence, the organizers halted the rides.
In Nashville, a group of students led by Diane Nash, one of the founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, decided to restart them. They had been trained in nonviolence by their mentor, the Rev. James Lawson, and they were determined that violence would not stop the Freedom Rides.
Catherine Burks, a senior at Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University, a historically Black university in Nashville, volunteered.
She later joked that her initial impulse in joining Lawson’s nonviolence workshops was to keep an eye on a boyfriend. But she was committed to the civil rights movement and utterly fearless. As a teenager, she had once thrown the “Colored” sign off a city bus, and she had already spent a night in jail in Nashville for participating in a lunch counter sit-in.
A group of students left Nashville on May 17, 1961. There were 10 on Burks’ bus, including a future congressman, John Lewis; Paul Brooks, whom she would marry that summer; and James Zwerg, a white student from Fisk University, who would be attacked on a later ride, the photographs of his ravaged face and bloodied clothes becoming a searing indictment of the Jim Crow South.
Brooks and Zwerg sat together as planned, violating Alabama’s segregation laws. When the bus crossed Birmingham’s city line, they were arrested. The rest of the students were rounded up when they arrived at the bus terminal, thrown in jail and then driven by Connor and his officers to the state line sometime before dawn.
Burks sat up front with Connor and kept up a lively banter with him as they drove, inviting him to breakfast back in Nashville and ribbing him about this and that. Her brashness astonished Lewis, who was riding in the back seat.
When the students were dumped by the side of the road in rural Alabama, near the Tennessee line, and Connor and his officers started to drive away, Burks called out to him.
“I couldn’t let old Bull have the last word,” she told The Tennessean in 2013. “I told the Bull, I hollered it out, that we would see him back in Birmingham by high noon!” Her inspiration, she said later, was the Westerns she liked to watch.
Connor, Lewis would later recall, laughed as if it was the best joke he’d heard in years.
It was “a great American moment,” Eric Etheridge, who included Burks-Brooks in his 2008 book, “Breach of Peace: Portraits of the 1961 Mississippi Freedom Riders,” said in a phone interview.
Seeking shelter, the students made their way along a set of railroad tracks until they came upon a house and banged on the door. But the elderly Black man who answered was too frightened to let them in. Burks once again took charge. Her mother had taught her, she said, to always talk to “the lady of the house,” and she encouraged the group to persist. It worked. The man’s wife appeared at the door and welcomed them inside. Come on in, she said.
They phoned Nash in Nashville, and soon they were picked up by a fellow student and speeding toward Birmingham. They didn’t make Burks’ deadline of high noon, but they arrived nonetheless.
Catherine Burks was born on Oct. 8, 1939, in Birmingham, one of five children.
After her participation in the Freedom Rides, she returned to Tennessee A&I, which had expelled her and other riders, and earned a degree in education in 1962. That year, she and Brooks, whom she had married in August 1961, moved to Jackson, where they edited the Mississippi Free Press, a Black weekly newspaper started by Medgar Evers.
Over the next two decades, they lived in Chicago, Detroit and the Bahamas. BurksBrooks worked as a social worker and an elementary school teacher. Brooks became an entrepreneur and an inventor, operating factories in Michigan to produce a version of the Afro pick.
In the late 1970s BurksBrooks returned to Birmingham, where she lived for the rest of her life.
In addition to Gatlin, she is survived by another daughter, Hiala Brooks, and a grandson. She and Brooks separated in the mid-1980s, and he died in 1989.