Torture: Separating children and parents
In two speeches last week in the border states of Arizona and California, Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that as a matter of enforcement: If an unauthorized migrant brings a child across the United States-Mexico border without documentation, “we will prosecute you and that child will be separated from you as required by law. If you don’t like that, then don’t smuggle children over our border.” It means undocumented children and parents will be separated — a tactic meant to deter migrant parents, including many asylum seekers, such as those who’ve caravanned through Central America in recent weeks, from crossing the border in the first place. Human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International, have argued that this policy change is inhumane, and it is. But evidence from developmental neuroscience suggests it is more than inhumane. It’s also, by definition, torture. Under federal law, which adopts the United Nations definition, torture is: “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as … punishing him or her for an act he or she or a third person … has committed or is suspected of having committed.” And though, in theory, any action inflicting such suffering is banned, that is what is inflicted by separating parents and children in border detention.
Children arriving at the U.S. border in search of asylum are, frequently, a particularly vulnerable population. Fleeing, in many cases, violence and persecution, they also encounter hunger, illness and threats of physical harm along their hazardous journey to the border. This combination of experiences puts migrant children at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Such anxiety and mood disorders can be debilitating and intractable, particularly when they start in childhood. By the time many migrant children arrive in the U.S., they have already faced a series of harrowing events, increasing the likelihood that they’ll be traumatized by parental separation.
Parenting is, after all, a crucial ingredient in our species’ recipe for survival. It is so crucial that children’s brains have evolved to need it the same way that their bodies require nutrition and rest. Various studies demonstrate that being close to parents can buffer children against feelings of stress and threat. The strongest evidence for the importance of close caregivers comes from children who have experienced caregiver deprivation. Even when their physical needs are met, children raised in institutional orphanages commonly exhibit stunted growth, cognitive impairments, heightened anxiety and stress-related health problems that often persist even after being adopted into highly nurturing homes.
The science leads to the conclusion that the deprivation of caregiving produces a form of extreme suffering in children. Separating migrant children from parents, then, increases the likelihood that their experience in immigration detention will cause lasting mental, and possibly physical, health problems.
Yet, last year, citing cost, the Trump administration defunded a family detention program that catered to mothers with young children and pregnant women.
The European Commission’s 2016 proposal for standards for the reception of applicants for international protection calls for conditions “adapted to the specific situation of minors, whether unaccompanied or within families, with due regard to their security, physical and emotional care and are provided in a manner that encourages their general development.”
If the U.S. won’t meet this standard, the effect will be punitive and will place the burden of a complex international challenge on the most vulnerable migrants — children. In any context, exhibiting this kind of cruelty is un-American, but particularly so in this situation. The practice of separating families at the border is morally reprehensible and — based on the science — goes against international and U.S. law, because the suffering it inflicts constitutes torture of children.
Jaana Juvonen is a professor of developmental psychology at UCLA. Jennifer Silvers is an assistant professor of developmental neuroscience at UCLA. They wrote this commentary for the Washington Post.