Study offers new look at why human brains evolved to be so big

NEW YORK — Why do people have such big brains? Some researchers asked a really powerful brain — a computer — and got back a surprising answer.

In relation to body size, our brains are huge, about six times larger than one would expect for mammals. And this 3-pound organ sucks up 20 percent of a body’s energy needs. Evolutionary theory says to build and maintain something so costly, there must have been a very good reason. But what is it? In the past, scientists have tried to tease out an answer mostly by analyzing correlations, like how brain size relates to the size of social groups in living apes and our fossil ancestors.

Mauricio Gonzalez-Forero and Andy Gardner of St. Andrews University in Scotland turned instead to computer simulations. They report the result in a paper released Wednesday in Nature.

The researchers created a hypothetical population of females, focusing on just one sex for simplicity, and followed them as they faced the challenges of living. The researchers plugged in data on things like a newborn’s brain size and the energy costs of the brain and reproductive organs. And they simulated tasks that resemble the environmental and social challenges included in theories about brain evolution.

The computer pondered how the pressures of each challenge might affect changes of brain size over time. Drawing on evolutionary theory, it calculated how much energy the females would be expected to invest in growing the brain versus other tissues under the different challenges. It found that stronger mental demands tended to produce bigger brains.

Gonzalez-Forero and Gardner expected a strong contribution to bigger brains from social challenges, which he said has been the favorite idea for decades.

But the computer said about 60 percent of the effect on boosting brain size came from an individual dealing with the environment on one’s own, as in finding, storing and cooking food, and making stone tools. Another 30 percent came from cooperating to deal with the environment, such as banding together to hunt. The final 10 percent from competition between groups of people.

While the study didn’t specifically look at the impact of cultural tasks, it gave evidence of a substantial influence from them, too, Gonzalez-Forero said. He plans to assess cultural factors in the future.