Small gifts to candidates affect transparency

Arizona was fairly giving this election season, kicking in at least $16 million to presidential candidates, according to the Federal Election Commission. “At least” being the operative phrase.

The FEC does not require campaigns to detail the source of every nickel and dime donated to a candidate, even though unitemized “small gifts” accounted for $372.5 million of the $1.3 billion donated to presidential campaigns in the last election.

The enormous sum of these “stateless” contributions makes it impossible to tell exactly how much Arizonans — or anyone else, for that matter — invested in federal elections, experts say.

“There’s a large pool of money that’s been raised that you can’t account for where the donors live,” said Brendan Glavin, a Campaign Finance Institute analyst.

Candidates for federal office are only required to disclose information on donors who have given more than $200.

“You can count up the number of unitemized donors from the FEC data, and you can know the unitemized total,” Glavin said. “But if somebody didn’t give more than $200, they just put that in a lump sum and don’t report where that came from.”

Unitemized gifts played a lesser role in congressional races: In Arizona’s Senate race, they accounted for 9.5 percent of fundraising; in the House races, 13.1 percent.

But to some campaign-finance experts, small gifts are a benign example of mystery money in elections especially after the emergence of super political-action committees and “shell” groups whose spending in this cycle dwarfed the unitemized small givers.

“The biggest struggle is with outside spending activity,” said Craig Holman, a lobbyist with Public Citizen. “If we could get as good a picture of spending by outside groups as we do from candidates, we would have a reasonably good disclosure system.”

Holman said campaign-disclosure rules aren’t perfect, but they do keep campaigns on their toes.

“There are holes in that reporting process, but those holes are not as big a concern,” he said.

The Center for Responsive Politics reports that outside groups spent at least $1 billion in the election — more than $600 million from super PACs and millions more from political parties, unions, individuals and other groups.

In Arizona’s congressional races, outside groups spent at least $36 million in independent expenditures on this fall’s elections, according to the FEC.

But that still does not account for all outside spending.

Some groups, such as non-profit “social welfare organizations,” do not have to file an accounting of their financial activities for months.

When they do, some of their ad spending won’t be disclosed depending on the content, medium and timing of the ads.

Those expenditures are part of the reason Holman is glad there are laws regulating campaigns, even if they are imperfect.

“We don’t get a full and completely accurate picture, but candidates are required to make a reasonable effort with disclosure,” Holman said.