Corrections & Clarifications

A story Wednesday about Oracle’s fight to lead the cloud market gave an incorrect estimate for competitor Salesforce’s cloud revenue in 2017. It is projected to be $10 billion, up 21%.

Hyping early scientific results can attract investors that allow researchers to continue their work. Positive results can lead biotech firms to be bought out by larger drug companies. “It’s in the interest of almost every stakeholder in the health system to be optimistic about these therapies,” said Walid Gellad, co-director of the Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing at the University of Pittsburgh.

Of course, there is money to be made. The USA spent nearly $88 billion treating cancer in 2014, and patients paid nearly $4 billion out of pocket, according to the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network. Spending on cancer, a disease that most afflicts the aging, is likely to soar as people live longer.

Others argue that the excitement about cancer research is justified. A spokeswoman for the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry group, said cancer patients have good reason for optimism.

“We continue to see great strides in identifying the genetic mutations and related factors that can drive the seemingly random formation of abnormal cells in cancer,” spokeswoman Holly Campbell said in a statement.

Even the country’s top scientists sometimes get carried away.

In 1998, Nobel laureate James Watson — who co-discovered the structure of DNA — told The New York Times scientists would “cure cancer in two years,” using drugs that block tumor blood supplies. At that time, the drugs had succeeded only in mice.

In 2003, the director of the National Cancer Institute, Andrew von Eschenbach, announced a goal of “eliminating suffering and death due to cancer by 2015” by better understanding tumor genetics.

In a recent interview, von Eschenbach acknowledged he didn’t communicate his goal well.

“We’re offering what we have, but making it appear that it’s more than what it is,” said von Eschenbach, a senior fellow at the Milken Institute, a health and public policy think tank.

It’s easy to see how patients’ hopes are raised, said Timothy Turnham, former executive director at the Melanoma Research Foundation, an advocacy group.

“Patients hear ‘progress,’ and they think that means they’re going to be cured,” he said.

For more than a decade, the Food and Drug Administration approved no new treatments for metastatic melanoma. Patients typically died within a year.

Since 2011, the FDA has approved 11 new treatments, including several immunotherapies, which aim to harness the immune system to fight cancer.

Researchers have tested immunotherapies against a variety of tumors, leading to approved drugs in lung cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer and others.

Such success has led doctors to label cancer immunotherapy as a “game changer.”

Yet these treatments — which were initially assumed to be gentler than chemotherapy — can provoke fatal immune system attacks on the lungs, kidneys, heart and other organs.

Uvanni’s brother — who tried immunotherapy, as well as a number of other approved and experimental treatments — survived 31⁄2 years after his diagnosis. That might lead many oncologists to describe his story as a success.

Uvanni sees no reason to celebrate. He wanted more than short-term survival for his brother.

“I thought we were going to have a treatment where we’d at least have a good block of quality time,” Uvanni said.