Attacks carefully planned
tack is imminent.
Surrounding streets, parking lots and public transport — anywhere crowds gather as they make their way into or out of large venues — make attractive targets for terrorists, said Antho- ny Roman, a security expert at Roman & Associates in Lynbrook, N.Y.
“Clearly you have large crowds of people approaching and lining up, which makes them vulnerable,” Roman said.
Even at the most heavily protected spots, a determined terrorist can find a weak spot. In January, a gunman killed five people in the unsecured baggageclaim area of the Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport — one of the few areas outside the airport’s security checkpoints.
Terror attacks on the edges of airports, concert halls and other public spots often elicit calls to extend security perimeters.
John Poncy, a former soldier and security expert as CEO of The Densus Group, said there is a push for venues to demonstrate they are providing security through metal detectors or by erecting bollards to block car bombs. But extending that perimeter can be costly and impractical.
“If somebody has explosives strapped to their body and hasn’t gone through the metal detector, I don’t know that there is all that much that can be done,” Poncy said. “At this point, it becomes really a question of police doing everything they can to track known perpetrators.”
The New York Police Department bolstered its presence at high-profile locations such as Times Square the day after the Manchester bombing.
Some people who attended the Ariana Grande concert Monday night said security was lax. A Czech woman, Nikola Trochtova, told a public radio station that “there was almost no security check, rather zero.”
Security at large public venues could be improved by spreading out police and having them face outward to scan for suspicious characters, as happens in Israel, Roman said.
Terrorists might have targeted children to create more outrage about the attack, experts said. An 8-year-old girl was among those killed, and 12 children under 16 were among the injured, according to British authorities.
“These are not military targets,” Roman said. “They are looking for the emotional impact to wear down the society’s will, to change hearts and minds.” each ends with the same basic questions: Who is to blame, and should the person be punished?
An investigation by the USA TODAY Network and the Associated Press found those questions are answered haphazardly across the nation.
Nearly identical accidents can have markedly different outcomes. A shooting that leads to a prison sentence in one state can end with no prosecution at all in another.
In 2015, a babysitter in North Carolina was charged with involuntary manslaughter when a 2year-old she was watching shot herself with a 20-gauge shotgun she found on a table. Two months later, police and prosecutors in Colorado opted not to charge a babysitter after a 9-year-old boy was shot by his brother. The sitter had briefly left the boys unattended, and they found his loaded .38 Special in his pickup.
Grandparents in Detroit, both 65, faced manslaughter and weapons charges that could have sent them to prison for 17 years after their 5-year-old granddaughter found a loaded pistol under their pillow and shot herself in the neck. In Illinois, a grandmother pleaded guilty to a minor gun charge and received probation after a 6-year-old boy found a revolver in a bedroom closet and shot himself. “Oh my God, I killed my baby!” she screamed to police at the scene.
In the days after the death of Amy Pittman’s son, a secondgrader with thick black hair he often wore in a mohawk, the decision of whom to blame fell to Cindy Kenney, an assistant district attorney in Durham whose usual mix of cases includes murders and sex assaults against children.
She said Christian’s death seemed to be no ordinary accident.
Investigators said that in addition to the shotgun that killed Christian, they found a handgun under a mattress in a bedroom and an assault rifle in the closet. They found 100 rounds of ammunition in a grocery bag, and Kenney would later tell a judge that Pittman’s underwear drawer “had more ammunition in it than it did panties.”
In a country with almost as many guns as there are people, it’s not unusual to find loaded weapons within children’s reach. One study published in 2008 in the journal Health Education Research found that firearms were present in about one-third of all homes with children nationwide. Guns in half of those homes were kept unlocked; guns in one-sixth of them were kept loaded.
In that sense, the accident that killed Pittman’s son in April 2014 was like many others. What set it apart, prosecutors said later, was she should have known better.
Kenney said someone had called the county’s child welfare agency to say Pittman’s kids were seen chasing one another through the neighborhood with guns. A social services worker met with her, warned her that it was illegal to leave guns near unsupervised children, and offered to buy her a gun safe so she could secure them. Pittman’s response, Kenney said later, was that the county should stay out of her business.
Pittman tells a starkly different story. She said she was never contacted by social services officials, and she insists she was unaware of the guns in her house, which belonged to her boyfriend. (Kenney said prosecutors did not charge her boyfriend because, unlike Pittman, he did not have a legal duty to keep her kids safe.) Police, prosecutors and the social services office declined to release any records about her son’s death.
Prosecutors throughout the country say deciding whether to bring charges is seldom easy. Parents are suffering, and heaping a criminal prosecution on top of that grief may not do much to teach others to handle their guns more carefully. In some cases, the decision to seek charges can cost the surviving kids their parent.
Kenney did not struggle with her decision.
“Accidents happen, but this case mandated our charges,” Kenney said. “It’s awful. You don’t bring these charges lightly, but all of this could have been prevented.”
A grand jury indicted Amy Pittman on charges of involuntary manslaughter and three counts of felony child abuse. Pittman, the grand jury said, “willfully and feloniously did kill and slay Christian Pittman.”
Pittman dropped her children with their grandmother and waited at a friend’s house to be arrested. She wouldn’t see them for almost a year and a half.
Journalists from the USA TODAY Network and the AP spent months using information from the non-partisan Gun Violence Archive, news reports and police records to examine all of the 152 accidents from 2014 to 2016 in which children under age 12 either killed themselves or were mistakenly shot and killed by another child.
The review found that about half of those deaths led to a criminal charge, usually against adults who police and prosecutors say should have watched the children more closely or secured their guns more carefully. The rest of the time, officials decided the adults had broken no laws, or perhaps they had simply suffered enough. In many cases, there was little to distinguish those deaths that led to a criminal charge from those that did not.
Even when gun accidents do lead to criminal charges, most parents and guardians still avoid prison. Pittman was one of 50 people to be convicted of a crime after the accidents the news organizations reviewed. (A few other cases were pending.) Slightly less than half of those people were sentenced to probation; the rest were ordered locked up, typically for about four years.
“You feel an enormous amount of sympathy for these parents, because it’s the most unimaginable loss there is when you lose a child,” said Jennifer Collins, dean of Southern Methodist University Law School, who has studied prosecutions of negligent parents. “Prosecutors understandably struggle with the deterrent value with filing charges.”