TUESDAY’S GAME

Many lacked connections to access PPP loans or got rejected due to its rules.

Champions League Alajuelense at Atlanta United, 6 p.m., 92.9

outhern Bancorp is a lender serving the Arkansas and Mississippi Delta, where poverty rates are among the highest in America and decades of redlining shaped neighborhoods with little generational wealth.

When the Paycheck Protection Program for small businesses started in April 2020, so many of Southern Bancorp’s customers did not qualify for the relief money that the Arkansas bank’s chief executive, Darrin Williams, turned to donors to raise money for $1,000 grants so it would not have to turn applicants away empty-handed.

The bank made 128 such grants, giving more than 100 of them to businesses run by women or minority owners. One let a nail salon owner buy plexiglass so she could reopen. Another allowed a small cafe to buy safety gear for its staff. A day care used the money for the new sanitizing equipment it needed.

“So many companies will never come back, and disproportionately more of those that will be lost are Black and brown businesses,” Williams said.

About the PPP

Congress created the Paycheck Protection Program in March 2020 as an emergency stopgap for what lawmakers expected to be a few months of sharp economic disruption. But as the pandemic raged on, the program — which made its first loans one year ago this month — has turned into the largest small-business support program in U.S. history, sending $734 billion in forgivable loans to struggling companies.

The program helped nearly 7 million businesses retain workers. But it has also been plagued by complex, changing rules at every stage of its existence. And one year in, it has become clear that the program’s hasty rollout and design hurt some of the most vulnerable businesses.

A New York Times analysis of data from several sources — including the Small Business Administration, which is managing

the loan program — and interviews with dozens of small businesses and bankers show that Black- and other minority-owned businesses were disproportionately underserved by the relief effort, often because they lacked the connections to get access to the aid or were rejected because of the program’s rules.

Rollout was speedy

After Congress created the program in last year’s CARES Act, President Donald Trump’s administration — especially his Treasury secretary, Steven Mnuchin — put a priority on getting money to needy businesses fast. Just seven days after the law was signed, the earliest applicants received their checks.

But the haste meant the rules were mostly written on the fly. Reaching harder-to-serve businesses was an afterthought. Lenders and advocacy groups warned that the relief effort had structural challenges that were likely to inadvertently but disproportionately harm female and minority business owners. Reaching the most vulnerable businesses required determination, they said, and the program gave lenders no incentives to put in that effort.

The government relied on banks to make the loans, creating an obstacle for borrowers who did not have established banking relationships. Some banks favored their larger and wealthier clients, which pushed ordinary customers to the back of the queue. “Mystery shopper” studies found that Black applicants were consistently treated worse than white counterparts.

The program also largely locked out sole proprietors and independent contractors — two of the most popular structures for minority-owned businesses. Those companies were not eligible to apply for the program’s first week. When they got access, a rule barring loans to unprofitable solo businesses — a restriction that did not apply to larger companies — prevented many from getting help. Most nonbank lenders, including those that specialize in underserved communities, were shut out for weeks while they waited for the Small Business Administration to approve them.

“The focus at the outset was on speed, and it came at the expense of equity,” said Ashley Harrington, the federal advocacy director at the Center for Responsible Lending.

In the program’s final weeks — it is scheduled to stop taking applications May 31 — President Joe Biden’s administration has tried to alter its trajectory with rule changes intended to funnel more money toward womenand minority-led businesses, especially those with only a handful of employees.

But Biden’s revisions — which, most prominently, expanded lending to independent contractors and others who work for themselves — have run into their own obstacles, including the speed with which they were rushed through. Lenders, caught off guard, struggled to carry them out, with little time left before the deadline.

SCOTT MCINTYRE/NEW YORK TIMES Pilar Guzman Zavala founded Half Moon Empanadas, a small chain of restaurants, in Florida 12 years ago. She employed 100 before the pandemic. But her PPP application stalled at the first two lenders she tried, forcing her to spend a month hunting before she found a local bank to process her loan.

BRIDGET BENNETT/NEW YORK TIMES Las Vegas business owner Shaundell Newsome co-chairs Small Business for America’s Future. A year after the PPP began, studies show its design hurt minority-owned businesses.