The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Genealogy helps solve cold cases
five cold cases in metro Atlanta since 2019, including three in just the past year, and this appears to be just the beginning.
It’s increasingly becoming a pivotal tool for detectives, helping families finally learn what happened to their loved ones who disappeared decades ago. Nameless victims are getting their identities back. And perpetrators, some of whom have hidden in plain sight, are being brought to justice.
It combines conventional detective work with genealogical research, similar to how one might try to trace their ancestry, by reverse-engineering the family tree. Investigators first upload the DNA profile of an unidentified person to public databases and then go back in time to find an ancestor before building the tree forward until that nameless person is found.
“Genealogy can play just one active role in (an investigation), meaning if we can connect that DNA to a family tree or a family line, then we know what threads to pull,” said Sherry Boston, DeKalb County’s district attorney. “Without that, it’s like, not even a needle in a haystack, it’s like a microscopic dot in a haystack.”
Reverse engineering
While DNA has been used for decades to confirm or rule out suspects, forensic genetic genealogy is distinct in that it uses DNA to actively look for a subject, experts note. It doesn’t have the same limitations as the Combined DNA Index System, or CODIS, which is designed to return a match to a specific individual based only on evidence collected from convicted offenders, crime scene evidence or missing persons.
It goes beyond that to find a match, no matter how distant, by scouring the millions of profiles intentionally uploaded to public databases. In fact, researchers estimate that a database needs to include just 2% of a population to provide a third-cousin match to nearly any individual within that population.
It’s become a last-ditch effort to generate leads after all other options have been exhausted, and is crucial in cases like Burke’s, when no missing person report was filed and no matches were found in CODIS.
Several factors go into deciding which cases are sent for this type of DNA analysis, including whether there is enough of a biological sample from which to extract DNA and whether there is enough funding. Most law enforcement agencies do not have the equipment for this type of testing and thus have to rely on outside laboratories.
Once a DNA profile is built, investigators upload it to public databases and search for matches to start building the family tree in reverse. They follow the lineage until they find a common ancestor between the distant match and the unknown suspect or victim.
In Burke’s case, that was a person with her grandmother’s maiden name who didn’t know anything about the Barneses — Burke’s maiden name. The next step was to keep following the lineage until they found Burke’s niece, who then connected them to her brother Mack Barnes.
At that point, traditional DNA testing was used to officially confirm the sibling relationship. That brought the family some closure, but detectives continue their search for her killer almost a year later.
Among the other Georgia cold cases that have been solved using genetic genealogy was a 1988 murder in Dade County. It marked the first time in the country that the technique was used to identify both the victim and the alleged killer.
In that case, a Jane Doe was identified in March 2022 as 19-year-old Stacey Chahorski of Michigan. Six months later, officials announced Henry Fredrick Wise as the man believed to have killed her. The truck driver/stunt driver burned to death in a car crash at Myrtle Beach Speedway in South Carolina in 1999.
Evolving technology
Using DNA to trace family ancestry has been utilized since Family Tree DNA launched its first test kit in 2000, according to the International Society of Genetic Genealogy. It gained widespread attention in the world of criminal forensics for the first time six years ago when a former California police officer, Joseph James DeAngelo, was identified as the “Golden State Killer.”
However, not every case is a good candidate. Since the process of extracting DNA is destructive, investigators must be judicious with which cases are sent for testing because they have just one chance at generating a DNA profile if the biological sample is small.
The good news is that constantly evolving technology is allowing for DNA extraction from smaller and smaller sample sizes, and scientists are learning how to fill out even partial profiles. This is why traditional DNA testing is required to officially confirm a match.
Today, even a minuscule amount of DNA from contaminated, degraded remains can lead to positive matches. One lab that has been contracted to help solve several Georgia cold cases, for example, has identified human remains that were burned or exploded, left in a sewage tank or at the bottom of lakes, and even some dating to the late 1800s. In one case, DNA from just 15 human cells collected 32 years ago led to the identification of a perpetrator.
“It’s pretty amazing,” said Kristen Mittelman, chief development officer for Othram, a private lab specializing in advanced forensic DNA testing and genetic genealogy research. “I think that we are going to see backlogs of cold cases become extinct.”
Privacy concerns
Criticism over ethics and invasions of privacy are concerns that are deeply intertwined with the entire process of using genealogical databases to identify suspects.
Large direct-to-consumer genealogy companies, such as Ancestry, 23andMe and MyHeritage, prohibit the use of their services by law enforcement and will only release user data to police if required by a valid court order, according to their terms and conditions. Some public databases, such as GEDMatch, offer specific portals for law enforcement searches and purport to allow users to opt in or out of appearing in such searches.
But critics warn that legislation is needed to regulate law enforcement’s access in order to safeguard constitutional rights against unreasonable searches and seizures. That’s because, while people who upload their DNA to public databases may have given up a reasonable expectation of privacy, the alleged perpetrators have not volunteered their information.
Proponents are aware of the concerns, and leaders in the field explain that it is in law enforcement’s best interest not to betray the public’s trust since the databases are only helpful when people submit DNA.
Closure for families
While in some cases it may be too late for an accused killer to face justice, having answers provides some peace of mind for families.
Burke’s brother, who now lives in Florida, finally got his answer a year ago when investigators shared what they knew about his sister: She was found in 1993 behind a Fairfield Inn near Tucker and had apparently died from blunt-force trauma.
“For years, I’ve laid in the bed thinking of where she was,” Barnes said.
Who caused her death remains a mystery, but with the help of two federal grants, Boston’s office hopes to finally close Burke’s case, along with hundreds of other unsolved homicides in DeKalb. Investigators are conducting an audit to see in which cases forensic genetic genealogy might be applied.
This groundbreaking tool, once used exclusively for ancestry research, is unlocking cold case doors that seemed to have been sealed shut. And it’s likely just the beginning, providing grieving families with long-awaited answers.
“Ms. Burke’s loved ones no longer have to suffer through the agony of wondering where she might be and what may have happened to her,” Boston said. “We hope to leverage this technology to give closure to other families experiencing that pain.”