A real sea squirt
Elasmobranch Society — scientists who study sharks, skates and rays. “It shows us how little we actually know.”
Like the only other pocket shark known to science — a 16-inch adult female found in the Pacific Ocean off Peru — this 5.6-inch newborn male fished out of the Gulf has a pouch next to each front fin. But with this one, scientists figured out what they’re for.
The muscular glands are lined with pigment-covered fluorescent projections, indicating they squirt luminous liquid, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ichthyologist Mark Grace and his collaborators wrote in the journal Zootaxa. The shark also has clusters of light-emitting cells dotting its belly.
That makes it likely that one caught in 1979 and now in a Russian museum also was a light-squirter with a bioluminescent abdomen, though four decades pickled in formaldehyde have made it impossible to tell, Grace said.
The luminescence might conceal the shark from prey or from predators, he said.
Differences between the two specimens include a possible pressure-sensitive organ that the new species could use to detect motion hundreds of feet away and some differences in the teeth, the scientists wrote. The new species might also have as many as 10 fewer vertebrae than the other one, called Mollisquama parini.
Grace, who is based in Pascagoula, Mississippi, said the baby shark was among specimens collected during a 2010 survey to find out what Gulf of Mexico sperm whales eat by trawling in an area and at a depth where tagged whales had been feeding.
He had spent three years identifying the collected specimens, and this one, still showing an umbilical scar, was in the last bag he opened.
“I’ve been in science about 40 years . ... I can usually make a pretty good guess” about a marine animal’s identity, he said. “I couldn’t with this one.”
Grace said it took awhile to convince himself that he had something unusual: “I figured I was doing something wrong.”
He called Tulane University scientists saying, “Look, I’ve got some really unusual deep-water stuff I want to archive in your collection, including a shark I can’t identify.” Scientists at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the University of Florida’s Florida Museum of Natural History also became collaborators.
A 2015 paper identified the shark as the second of its kind. It took years more, including high-resolution scans in the particle accelerator in Grenoble, France, to get more internal detail, to be sure it was a new species. Another European expert, Julien Claes, did cellular dissection of a bit of the pocket tissue to confirm its function.
“He said, ‘Yes, these are the kind of cells that produce luminous fluid.’ So it’s pretty safe to say that’s what the one in Russia does,” Grace said.
The collaborations were exciting, he said.
“I don’t get over it,” he said. “I just remind myself this is one of the great parts of science, to have collaborations like that.”