Military set for new threats?
US dominant global force, but it may not be positioned to respond to the next generation
For decades, the United States has asserted global military dominance, an achievement that has underpinned its influence, national security and efforts at promoting democracy.
The Department of Defense spends more than $700 billion each year on weaponry and combat preparedness – more than the next 10 countries combined, according to economic think tank the Peter G. Peterson Foundation.
Yet amid a sea change in security threats, America’s military might overseas may be less relevant, according to some security analysts, defense officials and former and active U.S. service members.
The most urgent threats to the U.S., they said, are increasingly nonmilitary in nature. Among them: cyberattacks, disinformation, China’s economic dominance, climate change and disease outbreaks such as COVID-19.
Trita Parsi, co-founder of the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, a Washington think tank that lobbies for U.S. military restraint, said maintaining a large fighting force thousands of miles from U.S. shores is expensive, unwieldy and anachronistic.
“It was designed for a world that still faced another military hegemon,” Parsi said. “Now, pandemics, climate chaos, artificial intelligence and 5G are far more important for American national security than having 15 bases in the Indian Ocean.”
At the end of World War II, the United States had fewer than 80 overseas military bases, the majority of them in the Allies’ vanquished foes, Germany and Japan. Today, there are up to 800, according to the Pentagon and David Vine, an anthropology professor at American University.
About 220,000 U.S. military and civilian personnel serve in more than 150 countries, the Defense Department says.
China, the world’s second-largest economy and the United States’ biggest competitor, has just a single official overseas military base, in Djibouti. Britain, France and Russia have up to 60 overseas bases combined, according to Vine. At sea, the United States has 11 aircraft carriers. China has two. Russia has one.
The U.S. investment in defense and its international military footprint has been expanding for decades.
When the Korean War ended in 1953, eight years before President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned of a growing military-industrial complex, the Pentagon was spending about 11% of GDP, or $300 billion, on the military, according to the Defense Department and a calculation by USA TODAY. Today, the Pentagon allocates more than twice as much on defense spending each year, adjusted for inflation, even if the overall budgetary figure represents a far lower percentage of U.S. GDP at just 3%.
Even as the United States has spent more on defense, some experts said, the U.S. military has operated under a national security strategy that is remarkably unchanged since World War II and ill-suited to newer, more dynamic threats.
“A lot of our military presence around the world is now really just out of habit,” said Benjamin Friedman, policy director of Defense Priorities, a Washingtonbased think tank that advocates for a smaller world role for the U.S. military.
“If at one point, there was a strategic justification for it, often it no longer has it,” he said.
One stark illustration of how U.S. national security priorities may be out of sync with the times: Since 9/11, wars and various American anti-terrorism raids and military activity around the world have taken the lives of more than 7,000 U.S. troops and cost the federal government $6.4 trillion, according to Brown University’s Costs of War project.
As bad as that is, in less than 5% of that time, the coronavirus pandemic has accounted for more than 70 times
the human toll – the U.S. exceeded 500,000 dead – and has cost at least $6 trillion, according to an analysis of congressional and Federal Reserve allocations. (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that the pandemic has cost the country at least $8 trillion.)
Thomas Spoehr, a retired Army lieutenant general and defense expert at the Heritage Foundation, a conservative Washington think tank, said it’s important that the United States takes a wide view of national security that encompasses pandemics and climate change as well as conflict and terrorism.
“We don’t have the luxury of just saying, OK, the military wasn’t that useful last year, so we’re going to turn it in and get an army of doctors instead,” Spoehr said.
The world is heading for death rates equivalent to the COVID-19 pandemic every year by the middle of this century because of climate change, warned Mark Carney, United Nations envoy for climate action and finance.
The World Health Organization estimates that climate change – ranging from heat to flooding – contributes to about 150,000 global deaths each year. Wildfires, hurricanes, droughts and other natural disasters destabilize countries, including the U.S., by causing disease, food shortages, social and political instability, and mass migration.
Brad Bowman, a former U.S. Army officer and West Point professor, noted that the U.S. military is not a “Swiss Army knife” that can address every single threat.
“It’s a bit of a ‘straw man’ ” argument to criticize it for threats it was not designed to meet, said the former national security adviser to members of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations Committees.
“Just because the American military can’t solve every problem, that doesn’t mean that it isn’t useful for some problems,” he said.
Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates said that while challenges such as climate change and pandemics “have arisen, the other ones have not abated.” He said Russia is working on “highly sophisticated weapons and has completely reformed its military and for the first time since the end of the Cold War is operating submarines off of our East Coast. Iran is developing highly precise missiles. North Korea’s (nuclear) programs are ongoing. The Chinese are continuing their military buildup.”
China’s overseas military posture is, on the whole, relatively small.
China’s official defense budget for 2020 was $178 billion, and Beijing has shown far less interest in matching the Pentagon’s military arsenal and more
concern about moving from an imitator to an innovator in biotechnologies, finance, advanced computing, robotics, artificial intelligence, aerospace, cybersecurity and other high-tech areas.
“China’s playing a totally different game to the U.S.,” said William Hartung, director of the Arms and Security Project at the Center for International Policy in Washington. “The U.S. is relying on traditional military bases, global military reach and training local militaries, while China is forging ahead by cutting economic deals that appear to be buying them more influence than the U.S.’S military approach.”
The Defense Department conceded that it needs to adapt to a changing threat landscape.
President Joe Biden promised to make cybersecurity a priority for his White House after one of the most massive cyberattacks was revealed in December.
For months, Russian government hackers known by the nicknames APT29 or Cozy Bear were able to breach the Treasury and Commerce Departments, along with other U.S. government agencies.
From 2005 to 2020, the U.S. government, public networks and private companies were targeted in cyberattacks 135 times by Chinese, Russian and other state actors, according to the Council on Foreign Relations think tank.
To be sure, the United States faces major traditional military threats as well as intense competition from authoritarian foes in China and Russia.
There is the potential for American adversaries in Iran and North Korea to develop nuclear weapons and target the U.S., or for foreign militant groups to attempt a terrorist attack on U.S. soil reminiscent of 9/11.
“Physics is physics. That’s not changed,” said Philip Breedlove, a retired four-star general in the U.S. Air Force who served as NATO’S supreme allied commander for Europe.
“A U.S. fighter aircraft, even stationed in Italy, takes many hours and aerial refueling to fly to most places in Africa. They don’t magic from one point to another,” he said, referring to U.s.-led anti-terrorism activity in Africa, the Middle East and beyond.
For some, the benefits of a large foreign military presence easily outweigh the costs.
“If the price of preventing another 9/11 is keeping some troops in Afghanistan or elsewhere indefinitely, I’d say that’s a good investment for the American people,” Bowman said.
The death toll in all major post-9/11 war zones over the past two decades is more than 800,000 people – allied troops, opposition fighters, civilians,
contractors, journalists, humanitarian aid workers – and 37 million people displaced, according to the Costs of War project.
“In all these wars, the U.S. has expended so much in terms of blood and treasure with actually very little to show for it,” Hartung said. “A reckoning is near.”
It’s difficult to point to a single location where a post-9/11 U.S. military intervention has led to either a thriving democracy or measurably reduced terrorism, he said.
According to a report from the think tank Center for Strategic and International Studies, domestic right-wing extremists were responsible for almost 70% of terrorist attacks and plots in the USA in 2020.
The Defense Department referred USA TODAY’S questions on national security to the White House. A national security official in the Biden administration said the White House had nothing new to share about overseas troop posture. White House officials in the former Trump administration did not respond to a request for comment.
President Donald Trump cut U.S. troops levels in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria but added at least 14,000 troops to the Middle East as tensions rose with Iran.
The Trump administration instructed the Pentagon to shift emphasis from counterterrorism, but U.S. military activity from 2018 to 2020 shows there has not been a corresponding drawdown, according to research by Stephanie Savell, a defense and security researcher with the Costs of War project.
From 2018 to 2020, the U.S. military was active in counterterrorism operations in 85 countries, either directly or via surrogates, training exercises, drone strikes or low-profile U.S. special operations forces missions, according to Savell.
In 2019, the U.s.-led coalition backing the Afghan government against Taliban insurgents dropped more bombs and missiles from warplanes and drones than in any other year of the war dating to 2001. Warplanes fired 7,423 weapons in 2019, according to Air Force data.
Foreign engagements have become less accountable, Savell said.
Critics said the Pentagon uses force in places beyond the intent of the 2001 Authorization of Military Force (AUMF), the law that sprang from President George W. Bush’s “global war on terror” and the invasion of Afghanistan after 9/11.
Savell said the United States should consider whether there are “more effective, nonmilitary alternatives that cost fewer lives and less taxpayer dollars.”
Last year, protesters against racial injustice toppled numerous statues around the country. Now, one of the first works of art to emerge in their place depicts an unsung hero of the Lewis and Clark expedition.
A huge bust of York, a Black man who was enslaved by William Clark and who was the first African-american to cross the continent and reach the Pacific Ocean, is sitting atop a pedestal amid a lushly forested park in Portland, Oregon. It was placed there in the dead of night last weekend by persons unknown.
People have flocked to the bust, which appears to be at least 4 feet tall, in Mount Tabor Park. The artist’s depiction of York shows him seemingly deep in thought or even sad, his eyes cast downward. York hadn’t been painted contemporaneously so how his face really looked is unknown.
Officials in the city, which has been a frequent site of Black Lives Matter protests since the killing of George Floyd, love what the head of the parks department called “guerrilla art.”
“This past summer, there’s been concern about some of the public art that many states have displayed, and so folks really see this installation as a bit of a reckoning,” Portland Parks and Recreation Director Adena Long said in an interview. “The story of York is really compelling and very sad.”
Passersby stare up at the bust or touch the tall stone pedestal. The anonymous artist affixed a plaque describing how York was an integral part of the 1804-06 expedition to find an all-water route to the Pacific, but then was denied his freedom by Clark after it was over.
Since the killing of Floyd in Minneapolis in May, hundreds of symbols of racism and other dark chapters of U.S. history have been removed. Among them were at least 167 Confederate symbols, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center.
Pedestals that used to support statues that were torn down by Black Lives Matter protesters or removed by officials now are empty. One, in Virginia, held a monument to Jefferson Davis; others held memorials to Confederate soldiers in Florida, North Carolina, and Alabama; another bore a statue of Robert E. Lee, in Alabama.
Simply renaming places has been easier. At least 14 schools, mostly in the
South, were renamed last year. For example, Robert E. Lee High School in Springfield, Virginia, became John R. Lewis High School, named for the late civil rights leader and congressman from Georgia.
“John R. Lewis, by his lifetime of service, strength, conviction and dedication to improving the lives of others, is memorialized as an enduring symbol through his namesake high school,” the school district said.
Deciding what to replace downed statues with, commissioning the artists and having the work done takes time.
Whoever made the gigantic head of York circumvented all that by producing the bust – officials believe it might have been done with a 3D printer – getting it into the park without being detected and then placing it on top of the pedestal, which itself is around 10 feet high.
The artist most likely had help. On Friday night, as is customary, park rangers shut gates on the roads and locked them at 10 p.m. closing time. On Saturday morning, a maintenance worker
saw the York bust, perched on a pedestal where a statue of a conservative figure who opposed the right of women to vote had stood until someone knocked it over last year.
“None of those gates had been damaged. None of those locks had been damaged. And so we do feel that this was brought in on foot,” said Tim Collier, community relations manager for the city parks department.
They had to transport the bust, which appears to be composed of plastic or a composite of synthetic material, at least 1,000 feet uphill from the nearest road access.
The mysterious appearance of the bust has prompted many to look up York’s story.
In the epic expedition, York had gone on scouting missions, had hunted buffalo and deer to feed the group and helped tend to the sick.
Historian Stephen Ambrose, in his book “Undaunted Courage” about the expedition, described York as “strong, agile, a natural athlete.” Native Americans
were fascinated by the first Black person they had ever seen.
“They did not look upon him as a slave or as a mere man, but as an extraordinary person more interesting and elevated than any of his companions,” the National Park Service says in a brief biography.
After the expedition, everyone but York was rewarded with money and land. York, whose wife was also a slave and lived in another town, demanded freedom as a reward for his services on the expedition, Ambrose wrote. But Clark refused and even gave him “a Severe trouncing” for being insolent.
Clark later told a friend that he’d freed York. Historians haven’t been able to verify that.
Collier said that in the legends of the expedition, York’s role has been overlooked, and that the bust “is really furthering that conversation here in our very, very white city.”
Long hopes the artist comes forward to possibly have a conversation about making York a permanent installation.