JUVENILE

Most youths are held for nonviolent offenses such as running away from home or violating curfew — status offenses that would not be considered illegal if committed by someone 18 years old or older.

Lubow described the decline as “an absolute and radical sea change. We think it’s a highly important social development that has largely gone on under the radar.”

Forty-four states and the District of Columbia have reduced their confinement rates. Tennessee showed the biggest change, with a 66 percent decline in confinement rates — from 347 per 100,000 to 117 per 100,000 — between 1997 and 2010. Rates fell significantly in other states, too: in Arizona, by 57 percent; California, 48 percent; Michigan, 44 percent; Texas, 35 percent; and Ohio, 31 percent.

Mississippi’s rate declined by 50 percent, from 210 to 105 per 100,000. Arkansas’ confinement rate rose by 20 percent, from 192 to 230 per 100,000. The five other states whose confinement rates rose were Idaho, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, South Dakota and West Virginia.

At the same time, violence committed by youths went down significantly.

Since hitting “a historic height” in 1994, arrest rates for juveniles involved in violent crime fell by 55 percent in 2010, the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention reported. The rate dropped from 497 to 225 arrests per 100,000 youths over that period. OJJDP’s count includes youths ages 10 through 17.

But juvenile justice systems still treat children of color more punitively than white youths. The Casey analysis found African-American youths are still “nearly five times more likely to be confined than their white peers. Latino and American Indian youth are between two and three times more likely to be confined.”

Mark Soler, executive director of the Washingtonbased Center for Children’s Law and Policy, said Casey’s advocacy for alternatives to juvenile detention has been “probably the most effective” single tool in widespread reforms.

Soler credits both the Casey Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for their complementary and sometimes overlapping approaches to advocating for a reduction in unnecessary detentions without jeopardizing public safety. (Soler’s organization has received funding from both.) While Casey has focused largely on detention policy, MacArthur has concentrated on access to mental heath care, the age of criminal responsibility, and racial and ethnic disparities.

The Casey Foundation, which sees wholesale incarceration as counterproductive, provides technical assistance to about 200 jurisdictions nationwide that are attempting to incorporate its approach into their juvenile justice systems.

Tennessee’s largest juvenile justice program is one of them. Overseen by Juvenile Court Judge Curtis C. Person since 2006, the Juvenile Court of Memphis and Shelby County has three initiatives aimed at keeping all but the most serious offenders out of lockup.

The first began in 2008, when police were given the discretion to decide whether to take students into custody. Before that, school principals could bring in police — and have youngsters taken away — for almost any reason.

Person recalled “being in the detention area one day when law enforcement brought a young man in,” because, as an officer told Person, “he wouldn’t tuck his shirttail in.”

Now, when students are accused of disorderly conduct, criminal trespass, assault without injury or gambling, schools are encouraged to handle the matter on site. Transports for those offenses are down more than 50 percent since the change went into effect, Person said.

Under Tennessee law, a juvenile’s delinquent acts are not crimes.

Another effort, begun in 2010, lets police use their discretion to write summonses for seven offenses, including theft under $500 and simple possession of marijuana, for future court dates. That has reduced transports to juvenile facilities by 70 percent over that period, Person said.

A third initiative assesses risk at an initial screening, leading many youths without prior court records or weapons offenses to be granted immediate release.

Soler, who works with Memphis and Shelby County, hopes to see the local Juvenile Court’s Casey initiative coordinated with a recent consent degree Shelby County entered into with the U.S. Department of Justice aimed at ending discrimination against AfricanAmerican youngsters, who have historically received harsher treatment from juvenile authorities there.

The Casey report recommends five steps to accelerate the drop in youth detention, including restricting incarceration only to those “who pose a demonstrable risk to public safety” and upending the financial incentives for correctional placement. “The recent de-incarceration trend provides a unique opportunity to implement responses to delinquency that are more costeffective and humane, and that provide better outcomes for youth, their families and communities,” it said.

Other larger societal factors underline the new focus on science and effectiveness in juvenile justice.

In 2005, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled 5- 4 that capital punishment for offenses committed before age 18 was unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment. At the time, 20 states permitted such executions, including Mississippi and Arkansas.

Last June, a similar 5-4 majority found life sentences without the possibility of parole for those charged before their 18th birthdays to be cruel and unusual. At the time, 28 states mandated life without parole for youths convicted of murder; Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas all had juveniles serving life without parole.