Trucking companies train you on the job. Just don’t try to quit.

Wayne Orr did not yet know that his foot was broken as he made his way back from Texas to his home in South Carolina, but he did know that he could not continue pressing the pedals on the tractor-trailer he had been driving.

A new driver only a few months past his training period, he had to sit out for six weeks without pay. Then, when his foot finally healed, he discovered that his company, CRST Expedited, had fired him. Frustrated and needing a paycheck, he found a new job driving for Schneider International, but he was once again stymied: CRST threatened to sue Schneider for hiring him, he said.

“I called CRST, and they told me that they would not take me back and that I had to pay them $6,500 or I could never drive for another company, either,” Orr, 59, said.

He had signed a contract to work for CRST for 10 months in exchange for a two-week training course. If he did not last 10 months, the contract required him to pay the company $6,500 for that training.

Each year, thousands of aspiring truck drivers sign up for training with some of the nation’s biggest freight haulers. But the training programs often fail to deliver the compensation and working conditions they promise. And drivers who quit early can be pursued by debt collectors and blacklisted by other companies in the industry, making it difficult for them to find a new job.

At least 18 companies, employing tens of thousands of drivers, run programs aimed at qualifying trainees for a commercial driver’s license, or CDL.

Typically, to get free training, the new hires must drive for the company for six months to about two years, usually starting at a reduced wage.

The companies “sign them into this indentured servitude contract where they basically have to drive and be a profit source for the company,” said Michael Young, a lawyer in Utah representing a former trainee in a lawsuit against C.R. England, a privately held trucking company that employs about 4,800 drivers.

With e-commerce leading Americans to expect quick delivery, trucking companies face pressure to haul more and do it faster. The American Trucking Associations, a trade association, has warned of a vast truck

driver shortage. But researchers and drivers’ representatives maintain that the high turnover occurs because too many large companies fail to make their jobs attractive enough. The industry has been plagued with classaction lawsuits about working conditions and wages, leading to hundreds of millions of dollars in settlements.

Nine in 10 drivers leave their jobs within a year at large carriers like CRST and C.R. England, according to the trucking trade group. The companies need a constant flow of new recruits to keep revenue up, and without locking them into a contract, they risk losing their newly trained drivers to competitors offering a higher wage.

“We think paying for CDL school is a great benefit we can offer but not one that we can afford to do if folks do not come work with our team or ultimately pay us back,” said TJ England, chief legal officer of C.R. England. “If people just want to go to a different company, that’s where we try to protect our investment.”

CRST, an Iowa-based company, would not answer specific questions for this article but said in an emailed statement that its training program “has brought thousands of drivers into the industry who may not otherwise have been able to obtain a commercial driver’s license.” As for Orr’s account, a spokesperson would say only that it omitted key facts.

The New York Times and The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit news organization, interviewed more than 30 current and former truckers with direct knowledge of company training programs, including 15 who had gone through them. Almost all 15 left before their contracts were up, despite intending to stick it out. One was given only four days at home in the four months he drove for CRST, according to a complaint filed with the Iowa attorney general’s office.

Others described weeks of unpaid time spent waiting for trainers. Many drivers said they were told by the companies that they would make more than they did. Since drivers are paid by the mile, the time spent waiting cut significantly into their paychecks.

At most company schools, trainees typically spend two to four weeks learning in a classroom and in parking lots. Many former trainees said that the instruction was insufficient and that they spent little time in trucks.

Amy Jeschke attended C.R. England’s program in Indiana in 2019.

She went out on the road only twice during her training, she said, and the rest of the time did maneuvers in a yard or memorized what to do on a pretrip inspection.

“Honestly, we weren’t doing anything for most of the time,” Jeschke, 46, said. “You’re lucky if you got in the truck once a day.”

Joy Skamser, 44, who also attended C.R. England’s training program in 2019 and lives in southern Illinois, said she felt unprepared to drive, despite earning her commercial driver’s license at the end of the training.

“They do not teach you how to drive a truck; they just teach you how to pass the test, and that’s very dangerous,” she said.

England said the company gave high-quality training to its students that includes time in the classroom, on the driving range and on the road, with skill assessments throughout. Students who fail the assessments are given additional practice, he said.

Jeschke said she finished her training without being able to back up — a crucial skill for truckers. She said she once spent a week at a truck stop, unpaid, waiting for another driver because she did not yet have the expertise to pick up a load.

Frustrated with the working conditions and the low pay, she and Skamser left C.R. England before their contracts were up and went to work for another trucking company, Werner Enterprises, where they say they were more fully trained.

Many major trucking companies do not prorate their charges, meaning a driver who leaves on day one after training would owe the same amount as one let go the day before fulfilling the contract.

Worried about being blackballed wherever he went, Orr took out a loan — the lowest interest rate he could find was 14% — and paid CRST. Through the class-action lawsuit, he was reimbursed for about two-thirds of what he had paid.

“That training program is like a money mill to them,” he said. “They pretty much sell you a lot of dreams.”

Sean Rayford, © The New York Times Co. Trucks are driven along Interstate 95 near Florence, S.C., on March 9. Drivers who leave trucking companies before their contracts are up can be pursued by those companies — or by debt collectors — to pay thousands for training.

Sean Rayford, © The New York Times Co. Wayne Orr, who attended CRST’S training program in 2019, at his home in Conway, S.C., on March 8. ”That training program is like a money mill to them,” he says.